- •Part 1 Unit 1 Rocks and their properties
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary.
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •10. Speak about the Earth’s crust and the minerals it is composed of.
- •11. Translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunction either ... Or
- •12. Complete the sentences using the given words:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, mind the Active and the Passive voice:
- •14. Translate the sentences into English:
- •15. Render the text about hydrocarbons origin and accumulation into English:
- •The properties of rocks
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •6. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •7. Look through the texts and give your definitions of the following words:
- •8. Complete the following sentences:
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •10. Find the information in the text which will prove that:
- •11. Prove that formation properties must be carefully observed to achieve success in drilling.
- •12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunction since:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
- •14. Translate the passage into English:
- •Rock classification
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •6. Find the antonyms:
- •7. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •8. Answer the questions:
- •9. Summarize the information of the text and tell about interrelation between bit wear and rock drillability.
- •10. Find as many words connected with rocks and their properties as possible
- •Unit 2 Drilling a well
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •3. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •4. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •5. Find the synonyms:
- •6. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •7. Complete the following sentences:
- •8. Answer the questions:
- •9. Prove that drilling an oilwell is a complex business.
- •10. Translate the extract from Russian into English
- •Unit 3 Drilling bits
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •Bit Design
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Use the dictionary and write down the transcription of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •Insert bits
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations and learn them by heart:
- •8. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •9. Scan the texts and find the words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •10. Read the description of the bit and guess its type:
- •11. Complete the chart
- •12. Speak about the advantages of different bit types and drilling situations in which they prove to be suitable.
- •13. Translate the extract from Russian into English
- •Dull Bit Evaluation
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •Unit 4 Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Pay attention to the abbreviations used in the text:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •4. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Look through the texts and give your definitions of the following words:
- •10. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •11. Complete the following sentences:
- •12. Scan the text and think of the possible questions you can ask about weight on bit and rotary speed. Write them down and then ask your groupmates to answer.
- •13. Summarize the information from the text and tell about special consideration taken into account to enhance drilling situation.
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Pay attention to the abbreviation used in the text:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •4. Read and translate the text.
- •5. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •7. Find the words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •8. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •5. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •7. Find the synonyms:
- •8. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •9. Look through the text and find words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •10. Complete the following sentences:
- •11. Answer the questions:
- •13. Speak about mud characteristics and the way they affect the penetration rate.
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find in the text the English variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Look through the text and find antonyms:
- •6. Look through the text and find words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •7. Answer the questions:
- •8. What parts can the text be divided into? Suggest the suitable headings for each part. Make the summary of one of the parts.
- •9. Compare water and air drilling. Speak about advantages/disadvantages; formations they can be used in; problems which can occur.
- •10. Translate the extract into English:
- •Review questions
- •5. Fill in the table and speak about a shift in the balance of power in the global energy arena.
- •6. Make the article review.
- •7. Render the following text in English:
- •Glossary
Unit 4 Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed
Special Considerations
1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
bottomhole cleaning |
очистка забоя |
bit hydraulics |
гидравлическая характеристика долота |
indiscriminately |
неразборчиво |
crushing-chipping action |
дробяще-скалывающее действие |
finite time |
ограниченное время |
to fracture |
раздроблять |
to correspond |
соответствовать, соотноситься |
to shatter |
разбить |
drill string |
бурильная колонна |
drill collar |
утяжеленная бурильная труба |
derrick |
буровая вышка |
lifting sub |
втулка с выступающими плечиками (навернутая на конец утяжеленной бурильной трубы для соединения с элеватором) |
safety clamp |
предохранительный хомут |
stand |
свеча бурильных труб |
round trip |
рейс, спускоподъемная операция (подъем инструмента, смена долота, опорожнение колонковой трубы и спуск инструмента на забой) |
horsepower |
мощность |
torque |
вращающий момент |
slanted hole |
наклонная скважина |
dogleg |
резкое искривление ствола скважины |
flexible shaft |
гибкая, эластичная колонна |
joint |
муфта |
twistoff |
поломка (бурильных труб) вследствие скручивания |
feasible |
возможный, выполнимый |
smooth running |
мягкая проходка |
downhole motor |
забойный двигатель |
2. Pay attention to the abbreviations used in the text:
psi (pounds per square inch) – фунтов на квадратный дюйм
rpm (revolutions per minute) – оборотов в минуту
3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
indiscriminately
finite time
torque
centrifugal forces
severely
unevenly
hydraulics
4. Read and translate the text.
The mechanical factors of bit weight and rotary speed must be coordinated with bit selection in order to achieve optimal drilling rates. Generally speaking, an increase in either bit weight or rotary speed will increase the rate of penetration, provided that bottomhole cleaning (bit hydraulics) is attended to properly. But weight on bit and rotary rpm should not be increased indiscriminately. Overworking the bit wears the bit's bearings and cutting structures. Such drilling practices can also cause hole deviation. When these added costs are considered, the intended benefits of such high-energy drilling are lost. And since least-cost drilling is the objective, bit weight and rotary speed are usually applied in inverse proportion to each other.
Most soft, shaly formations respond to variations in rotary speed, and bit weights are light (3,000-7,000 psi bit diameter). The shearing action of soft-formation bits is well-suited for rotary speeds of up to 250 or even 300 rpm. Although increases in weight may increase the rate of penetration, the chances for hole deviation also increase, especially as the bit becomes dull.
In hard formations, heavy weights (5,000-10,000 psi bit diameter) are required for the bit's crushing-chipping action to overcome the compressive strength of the rock. Because a certain amount of finite time is required for the bit cutting structure to fracture the rock, the rate of increase in the drilling rate does not correspond directly with rotary speed increases. Excessive rotary speed can result in shock loads that can shatter bit teeth and cause drill string connections to fail. Rotary speed may vary between 30 and 80 rpm.
In calculating the appropriate bit weight and rotary speed, the capability of the rig must be considered. Additional weight requirements call for additional drill collars, which are expensive to buy and maintain and require extra handling time on round trips. Drill collars are heavy and hard to handle in the derrick and at the rotary, where lifting subs and safety clamps have to be used. Ten stands (thirty collars) or more are sometimes used, and several hours may be required to break out and make up the collars during a round trip.
Increased weight and rpm increase rotary torque, or resistance to turning. Higher torque means that more horsepower is required to operate the rotary. Here again, the rig's power system may impose limitations. Long-tooth bits require more horsepower than do short-tooth bits for the same formations. Slanted holes and wells with sharp doglegs also require more rotary power because of the greater friction between the drill string and the wall of the well.
The combined factors of high rotary speed, rotary torque, and extreme weight on bit can create great stress on the drill string. Smooth running is important. Since the drill string is a flexible shaft, a certain amount of irregularity is to be expected. But if centrifugal forces are severely unbalanced, hole friction will increase and the bit may wear unevenly. In such instances, joint failure, twistoffs, tooth breakage, and bit bearing failure may result.
The level of energy (weight and rpm) imposed on insert bits is generally lower that that required on steel-tooth bits to avoid insert chippage and breakage. Improvements in insert grades and shapes have allowed for higher rotary speeds in soft formations and higher weights in hard formations than were previously possible.
Diamond bits are best operated under much lower weights than roller cone bits; rotary speeds are relatively high. Weights usually range from 350-750 psi of hole area, but even greater weight may be used, depending on the drilling situation. The value of diamond bits and the nature of their cutting action require the use of the lowest weight at which good penetration can be achieved. Rotary speeds are usually in the 100-rpm range, but when downhole motors are used, speeds from 200 up to 1,000 rpm are feasible. With smooth running, proper hydraulics, and optimum weight, diamond bit drilling rates usually increase in direct proportion to rotary speed.
5. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
Rotary rpm; the intended benefits of high-energy drilling; least-cost drilling; to apply in inverse proportion; to cause drill string connections to fail; additional weight requirements; to require extra handling time on round trips; to break out and make up the collars; to increase rotary torque; wells with sharp doglegs; to be severely unbalanced; to avoid insert chippage and breakage.
6. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
Достичь оптимальной скорости бурения; увеличить скорость проходки; нагрузка на долото; количество оборотов ротора в минуту; перенапряжение долота; вызывать искривление скважины; намеченная прибыль; цель; хорошо подходить для чего-то; преодолеть; ограниченное время; разбить зубья долота; бурильная колонна.
7. Find the synonyms:
choice
limited time
to break, to crack
roughly
worn bit
8. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
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