- •Part 1 Unit 1 Rocks and their properties
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary.
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •10. Speak about the Earth’s crust and the minerals it is composed of.
- •11. Translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunction either ... Or
- •12. Complete the sentences using the given words:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, mind the Active and the Passive voice:
- •14. Translate the sentences into English:
- •15. Render the text about hydrocarbons origin and accumulation into English:
- •The properties of rocks
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •6. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •7. Look through the texts and give your definitions of the following words:
- •8. Complete the following sentences:
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •10. Find the information in the text which will prove that:
- •11. Prove that formation properties must be carefully observed to achieve success in drilling.
- •12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunction since:
- •13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
- •14. Translate the passage into English:
- •Rock classification
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •6. Find the antonyms:
- •7. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •8. Answer the questions:
- •9. Summarize the information of the text and tell about interrelation between bit wear and rock drillability.
- •10. Find as many words connected with rocks and their properties as possible
- •Unit 2 Drilling a well
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •3. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •4. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •5. Find the synonyms:
- •6. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •7. Complete the following sentences:
- •8. Answer the questions:
- •9. Prove that drilling an oilwell is a complex business.
- •10. Translate the extract from Russian into English
- •Unit 3 Drilling bits
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •Bit Design
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Use the dictionary and write down the transcription of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •Insert bits
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations and learn them by heart:
- •8. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •9. Scan the texts and find the words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •10. Read the description of the bit and guess its type:
- •11. Complete the chart
- •12. Speak about the advantages of different bit types and drilling situations in which they prove to be suitable.
- •13. Translate the extract from Russian into English
- •Dull Bit Evaluation
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary
- •2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words:
- •3. Read and translate the text
- •Unit 4 Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Pay attention to the abbreviations used in the text:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •4. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Look through the texts and give your definitions of the following words:
- •10. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •11. Complete the following sentences:
- •12. Scan the text and think of the possible questions you can ask about weight on bit and rotary speed. Write them down and then ask your groupmates to answer.
- •13. Summarize the information from the text and tell about special consideration taken into account to enhance drilling situation.
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Pay attention to the abbreviation used in the text:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •4. Read and translate the text.
- •5. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •7. Find the words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •8. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •9. Answer the questions:
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •3. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •5. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
- •7. Find the synonyms:
- •8. Match the words with their definitions and give their Russian equivalents:
- •9. Look through the text and find words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •10. Complete the following sentences:
- •11. Answer the questions:
- •13. Speak about mud characteristics and the way they affect the penetration rate.
- •1. Before reading the text, study the vocabulary:
- •2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •4. Give the adequate Russian variants for the following word combinations:
- •5. Find in the text the English variants for the following word combinations:
- •6. Look through the text and find antonyms:
- •6. Look through the text and find words which correspond to the given definitions:
- •7. Answer the questions:
- •8. What parts can the text be divided into? Suggest the suitable headings for each part. Make the summary of one of the parts.
- •9. Compare water and air drilling. Speak about advantages/disadvantages; formations they can be used in; problems which can occur.
- •10. Translate the extract into English:
- •Review questions
- •5. Fill in the table and speak about a shift in the balance of power in the global energy arena.
- •6. Make the article review.
- •7. Render the following text in English:
- •Glossary
2. Write down the transcription of the following words and practise their pronunciation:
microscopic and macroscopic properties
quartz content
conversely
symmetry
cubic
fibrous
consequently
sufficient
permeable
hydrostatic
to equalize
3. Read and translate the text.
In order to be able to forecast the result of drilling in respect of penetration rate, hole quality, drillsteel costs, etc., we must be able to make a correct appraisal of the rock concerned. In doing so we distinguish between microscopic and macroscopic properties. A rock is composed of grains of various minerals, and among the microscopic properties are mineral composition, grain size, the form and distribution of the grains. Taken together, these factors decide important properties of the rock, such as hardness, abrasiveness, compressive strength and density. These properties, in their turn, determine the penetration rate that can be achieved and how heavy the tool wear will be.
The drillability of a rock depends on among other things, the hardness of its constituent minerals and on the grain size and crystal form. Quartz is one of the commonest minerals in rocks. Since quartz is a very hard material, high quartz content makes the rock very hard to drill and causes heavy wear particularly on the drill bits. We say that the rock is abrasive. Conversely, a rock with a high content of calcite is easy to drill and causes little wear on the drill bits. The effects of rock hardness and abrasiveness on rate of penetration require care in bit selection. Such features as cone offset and hard-facing should be chosen to enhance drilling capability and endurance so that tripping time and bit replacement costs can be kept to a minimum.
As regards crystal form, minerals with high symmetry, e.g. cubic are easier to drill than minerals with low symmetry, e.g. fibrous.
A coarse-grained structure is easier to drill in and causes less wear than a fine-grain structure. Consequently, rocks with essentially the same mineral content may be quite different as regards drillability. For example, quartzite may be fine-grained (grain size 0,5-1 mm) or dense (grain size 0,05 mm), while a granite may be coarse-grained (grain size > 5 mm), medium-grained (grain size 1-5 mm) or fine-grained (grain size 0,5-1 mm).
A rock's compressive strength is its ability to resist the geophysical stresses imposed upon it. In hard formations, weight on bit must be sufficient to overcome compressive strength so that the rock will fail under the applied stress of the drilling mechanism. Compressive strength generally increases with depth, since pressure from the overburden, the strata above the formation being drilled, increases.
Formation zones that are porous-characterized by the presence of small openings, or pores, in the rock structure drill faster than nonporous areas. Porosity usually means lower compressive strength, and the rock structure more readily fails when it is drilled. In formations that are permeable, having a network of porous zones that allow fluid to flow, hydrostatic and formation pressures tend to equalize. This reduced differential pressure, which decreases chip hold-down, contributes to faster drilling.
Among the macroscopic properties are slatiness, fissuring, contact zones, layering, veining and inclination. These factors are often оf great significance in drilling. For example, cracks or inclined and layered formations can cause hole deviation and can occasionally cause drilling tools to get stuck. Soft rocks make it difficult to achieve a good hole quality, since the walls often cave in and in extreme cases the flushing air disappears into cracks in the rock without reaching the surface.
The reaction of a formation material as it comes in contact with drilling mud can reduce the drilling rate. For example, when water-base muds are used, some clay and shale formations tend to form a sticky mixture that can make bottomhole cleaning difficult and ball up the bit.