Participles

Participle I (Active)

1) You'll see lots of reports of businesses. 2) These businesses close down. (Active)

You'll see lots of reports of businesses closing down.

Participle II (Passive)

1) There are some problems. 2) These problems are involved in running a business. (Passive)

There are some problems involved in running a business.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences identifying Participle I and Participle II.

1. The brand being on the market for some time usually has the decline of sales.

2. People involved in marketing spend a great deal of their time.

3. Opinions are the arguments leading to conclusions and recommendations.

4. There are government agencies formed to operate public services.

5. There are letters requiring answers.

6. Normally, the total price paid by the customer is greater when payments are spread over a period.

7. The statement containing certain data is presented by the financial manager.

8. The money collected from the customers replace some of that used in starting the business.

9. All the elements of the marketing mix working together create a brand.

10. The credit level granted to a customer depends on customer's financial standing.

Exercise 2. Combine two sentences to make up one either with Participle I or Participle II.

	a) In 1985 a new Companies Act was passed. b) It consolidated lots of earlier acts.
	a) There is a loss at the time of sales. b) The loss is caused by incorrect delivery.
	a) Most managers' reading material consists of letters. b) The letters require response.
	a) The policy was based on minimum credit. b) The credit was given by the bank.
	a) Papers in technical journals have a brief abstract. b) The abstract serves the purpose to confirm its interest.
	a) Some costs vary in proportion to the quantity of goods. b) The goods are produced by companies.
	a) Clear instructions are essential. b) Clear instructions outline the objective of the report and the area of it.
	a) The credit control function is the responsibility of a credit manager. b) The credit manager is backed up by his team.

Exercise 3. Use Participle I or Participle II instead of Relative clause.

1. When the mail arrives look first at letters which are specifically addressed or referred to you.

2. Interesting information is defined as the information that affects people.

3. Standards should be set for the typical payment periods, which are expected for the country in question.

4. Often there is a covering which says what you are expected to do.

5. The legislation, which is needed to make a market economy possible, must address numerous problems.

6. The rules and regulations which exist now do not let big business gain extreme profits.

7. The country's debt will still be above 60% target, which is set in the treaty.

8. A connecting thread that runs all the way through Government in the US is the accountability.

Exercise 4. Complete sentences using Participle I or Participle II.

1. People (try) to invent better definitions of their task spend a great deal of time.

2. People (involve) in marketing try to invent better definitions of their task.

3. Agency's resident (form) advertisements uses all his creative genius.

4. Advertisements do not usually spring fully (form) into the mind of an agency's resident.

5. Managers (select) information to pass it on to other managers depend on information (communicate) to them

6. They pass on (select) information to other managers.

7. The sales manager (confirm) the company's orders is out at the moment.

8. The (write) confirmation of order is necessary.

Exercise 5. Replace the clause by Participle I construction using the model:

A new republic was founded which turned into reality the ideals of a few political philosophers.

A new republic was founded turning into reality the ideals of a few political philosophers.

1. Sales promotions are aimed at the sales force, which encourages them to increase their activities.

2. Enormous amounts of money move round the world, which chases high interest rates of capital gains.

3. You insert the number of each voucher in the column provided, which enables the company's cashier to check later the evidence for each entry.

4. When you submit a recommendation to your boss you will summarize the argument as best as you can, which will stress the facts that support your case.

5. The basic pay of Northern Electric chief executive can be boosted by 54,000 pounds, which brings his total pay to 234,000 pounds.

Exercise 6. Complete sentences using Participle I or Participle II.

1. While (look) forward to receiving the merger the companies would need to address legal concern.

2. When (put) at risk by investing, the company is naturally eager to recover those funds as soon as possible.

3. When (make) a presentation to a small group of people, it is useful to have some illustration of what you mean.

4. Activity ratios are meaningful when (compare) with those of other firms.

5. (Generate) additional sales advertising covers the added costs.

6. When (evaluate) the figures the financial manager presents, the director must weigh the pros and cons.

7. Once (approve), these people hold office for life.

8. When (buy) a fur coat, the design has more effect on the purchaser than price.

9. If (ask) to produce a report, it is worth while drafting it briefly first.

Text № 2