Relative clauses with prepositions

“A few days later Crawford called a meeting of his top people, at which the acquisition was to be discussed further.”

Things:	or:	This company is big. I work for it. The company for which I work is big. The company I work for is big.
People:	or:	That man is American. I work for him. The man for whom I work is American. The man I work for is American.

Exercise 7. Combine the following sentence pairs as shown below.

Example: This is the street. (I live on it.)

This is the street on which I live.

This is the street I live on.

1. This is the book. (We spoke about it.)

2. The house is very old. (I live in it.)

3. The desk is made of wood. (I’m sitting behind it.)

4. Jill is one of secretaries. (I work with them.)

5. I’d like you to meet someone. (I’ve often spoken about her.)

6. The restaurant is very popular. (We’re eating at it.)

Relative clauses with deletions

“If we could find a way (in which) to acquire even 20% of these shares, we would have effective control.”

That’s the year in which I was born.

That’s the year I was born.

How? When? Why?

That’s the way I like my coffee. Tell me about the time you met the President! Is that the reason you were late?

Exercise 8. Rewrite the following sentences using the expressions in italics.

Example: My English improved when I traveled in the U.S.

(the year) My English improved the year I traveled in the U.S.

1. When he arrived I left for Paris.

(the day) _______

2. Tell us why you decided to move.

(the reason) _______

3. Give me a call as soon as you get home.

(the minute) _______

4. Everyone was impressed with how the manager solved the problem.

(the way) _______

5. I’ll never forget when our car broke down on the highway.

(the time) _______

Conjunctions and related phrases

if I’ll go if the weather is good	depending on I’ll go (or stay), depending on the weather.	if so Is the weather good? If so, I’ll go.
unless You can’t go in unless you have a ticket.	without You can’t go in without a ticket.	if not Do you have a ticket? If not, you can’t go in.
because since I stayed inside because (since) it was raining.	because of due to I stayed inside because of (due to) the rain.	so It was raining, so I stayed inside.
even though although I went outside even though (although) it was raining.	in spite of despite I went outside in spite of (despite) the rain.	but … still but … anyway It was raining, but I still went outside (went outside anyway)
when/while I got sick when (while) I was on vacation.	during I got sick during my vacation.	_______
until I’ll be here until the office closes.	until I’ll be here until five o’clock.	in the meantime I’m leaving at five o’clock. In the meantime I’ll be here.
since I’ve typed five letters since I arrived.	since I’ve typed five letters since my arrival	since then I arrived at 9:00.Since then I’ve typed five letters.

Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences with the correct word or phrase from the chart.

Example: I walked to work because my car isn’t working.

1. My car is broken, _______ I walked to work.

2. Is it raining? _______, I’ll take my umbrella.

3. I can’t read well _______ my glasses.

4. We couldn’t go to the beach _______ the bad weather.

5. The store will be open _______ ten o’clock this evening.

6. You’ll be late for work _______ you hurry.

7. _______ Mike took 30 driving lessons, he still couldn’t pass the test.

8. I got home at six o’clock; _______ I’ve been cooking dinner.

9. Mr. Barton will see you in a few minutes. _______ please take a seat in the waiting room.

10. _______ the high price I’m going to buy that car.

11. I plan to go shopping _______my lunch hour.

12. This machine has broken down twice _______ we bought it.

13. _______ I was driving to work this morning, I saw an accident on the road.

14. The meeting won’t begin _______ the director arrives.

15. _______ I work late tonight I’ll make extra money.

16. Will you be home tonight? _______, we’ll visit you tomorrow.

17. Prices will rise or fall _______ the cost of labour.

18. I felt sick this morning, but I came to work _______.

19. I won’t arrive in New York _______ the day after tomorrow.

REPORTED SPEECH (also called INDIRECT SPEECH)

Verb of saying	Spoken words (direct speech)	Reported (indirect) speech
PRESENT SIMPLE He says,	+ ALL TENSES “She likes coffee.” “She was there.” “They’re going to leave.”	NO TENSE CHANGE He says she likes coffee. He says she was there. He says they’re going to leave.
PAST SIMPLE John said, Mary said,	+PRESENT SIMPLE “She likes tea.” +TENSES WITH “TO BE” “He is working.” “They are going to leave.” +PAST SIMPLE/PRESENT PERFECT “He has met them.” “He saw her.”	PAST SIMPLE John said she liked tea. PAST TENSE OF “TO BE” Mary said he was working. Mary said they were going to leave. PAST PERFECT Mary said he had met them. Mary said he had seen her.