Text e. Isaac newton’s mistake

Sir Isaac Newton was a supergenius of science who among other things invented calculus, stated the laws of gravity and optics. But it turned out Newton also made mistakes. The University of Chicago announced recently that R. Garusto, 23, a physicist, had discovered in one of Newton's calculations an error that had been undetected for three centuries. The young scientist discovered it while he was studying Newton's masterpiece of physics «Principia» (1687). Newton had derived a figure for the Earth's mass based on his new theory that a single force - gravity - governed falling bodies on the Earth and the motion of planets around the Sun. The calculation depended on the angle between two lines from the Earth to the Sun, but because that angle was not exactly known at the time, Newton used slightly different figures in «Principia». It was that mistake that the young scientist found, was soon confirmed by other physicists. The mistake has no influence on Newton's theory, but its discovery was enough to get him a prize from the University of Chicago.

Exercise 24. Answer the following questions.

1. What is Sir Isaac Newton famous for? 2. What had R. Garusto discovered? 3. What mistake did Newton make? 4. Has the mistake any influence on Newton’s theory?

Exercise 25. Make all types of questions to the following sentence.

The young scientist discovered it while he was studying Newton's masterpiece of physics «Principia» (1687).

Exercise 26. Summarize your knowledge on the System of Tenses.

I. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to Tenses.

1. The American writer Isaak Asimov tells about wonderful computing machines and schools of distant future. 2. In 1822 Charles Babbage created the first mechanical calculator. 3. After school Gates went on studying at Harvard University. 4. The National Physical Laboratory is now conducting experiments aimed to recognize human speech. 5. Instructions will tell the hardware what to do and will tell the user what it has done. 6. By 1880 manufacturing technology had improved to the point that new machines could be produced. 7. In some years IBM publication department will be fulfilling 100% translation demands via machines. 8. For many years, universities and colleges have been looking for ways of offering courses to students living far from classes. 9. By the beginning of the network age Microsoft Corporation had been selling software for individual PCs.

II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct forms.

a) 1. Programming already (to become) a very important branch of national economy. For example, experts (to work) now on a computer program for agriculture. 2. In the 1980s the production of microcomputers (to double), the production of microprocessors increased five times. This year we (to do) our best to meet requirements of the day. 3. Our immediate task (to be) to advance our technology and increase the manufacture of computers. We certainly (to solve) this problem. 4. The Elbrus 2 (to become) the next in the line of supercomputers. The engineers (to work) for three years before it was placed at the disposal of scientists. 5. The first computers (to fill) a large room with their electronics. Air-conditioning was poor at that time and computers (to get) so hot during their work that the operators (to have) to dress in T-shirts and tennis shoes.

b) 1. One of the functions of the case (to be) to keep electromagnetic emissions inside when you power up the computer. 2. The function of each key (to describe) in the instruction manual. 3. Why it (to be) better to use a mouse pad? 4. Text characters and graphics (to display) on the monitor. 5. Number and size of pixels (to affect) the sharpness of the picture. 6. Screen savers (to help) to reduce wear on the screen. 7. Quite often the hard drive (to call) drive C. 8. You (can / to read) from CD-ROM, but you (not / can / to save) anything to it.

Exercise 27. Let’s remember what an adverb is.

At first, these are words which inform us about:

1) how something is done (quickly, slowly, carefully, on foot, by bus, etc.). These are adverbs and adverbial phrases of manner;

2) where something is done (there, at home, in England, on Web, at work, etc.). These are adverbs and adverbial phrases of place;

3) when something is done (yesterday, today, next week, at 5 o’clock, etc.). These are adverbs and adverbial phrases of time.

Make adverbs from the following adjectives according to the model and translate them.

Adjective+ly: immediate, actual, initial, untiring, joyful, rapid.

Now, you should remember the order of these words in a sentence: it is “manner-place-time”.

Example: Our students made this experiment successfully last week.

However this order changes as soon as we meet “movement verbs”. Then the order is: “place-manner-time”.

Example: We went to the Computing laboratory quickly after classes.

Try this exercise.

1. I worked (at the office, hard, today). 2. I’m travelling (every summer, by bicycle, to my native village). 3. He studied (last year, a lot, at university). 4. I drive (every morning, to work). 5. The friend walked (through the park, home, this afternoon). 6. The orchestra performed (at the concert, magnificently, last night). 7. She translated the text (quickly, yesterday, at the lesson). 8. The engineers return (by plane, to France, every weekend).