12. Read the text below and answer the question: what does the law of your country guarantee to disabled people? What is the attitude to people with limited abilities?

After years of struggle, millions of handicapped Americans were granted rights according to Disabilities Act. The law extends the protection embodied in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to people with physical or mental disabilities, including people with AIDS and recovering alcoholics and drug abusers. It guarantees access to employment, transportation, public accommodation, and communication service. The roots of the handicapped rights movement stem from the period after World War II. Thousands of disabled veterans returned to a country and a society that were inhospitable to the needs of the handicapped.

Only changes of the law cannot assure a change in attitudes. The law that bans biased treatment of the disabled cannot extinguish all prejudices. But the situation will gradually change as the disabled become full participants in a society.

13. Translate into English.

A

Притесняемое меньшинство, сторонники нового закона о людях с ограниченными возможностями, три десятилетия назад, свободный доступ, из-за нетрудоспособности, значительное сокращение помощи, неспособный, негостеприимные хозяева, олицетворять новую идею о, гарантировать изменения, компенсировать расходы, барьеры в отношении к инвалидам, наложить запрет, гуманное отношение

B

Люди с ограниченными возможностями принадлежат тому меньшинству, которое нуждается в нашей поддержке и защите. Я лично против термина «инвалид». На мой взгляд, он не совсем корректен, но это к делу не относится. Современное общество должно гарантировать равенство всем своим гражданам. Закон предоставляет всем право голосовать, баллотироваться в парламент и тому подобное. Но наш закон не признает гражданские права людей с ограниченными возможностями. Городской транспорт не приспособлен для людей, прикованных к инвалидному креслу. Они лишены возможности передвигаться. Устройства для передвижения инвалидных кресел должны быть неотъемлемой частью любого современного города. Сейчас предпринимаются кое-какие попытки изменить существующую ситуацию. Но никакие законы не изменят суровое отношение общества к людям с ограниченными возможностями. Каждый должен заставить себя сам уничтожить барьер предрассудков.⁸⁸

14. Read the text below and discuss with your class mates how much privacy we have these days.

There is a scene in the film “Minority Report” which tells us about the future of advertising. Detective John Anderton (played by Tom Cruise) is walking through a shopping mall when the advertisements on the walls start talking to him. They greet him by his name and tell him about the latest products he should buy. How do they know who he is? And how do they know his shopping habits?

The answer is RFID - radio frequency identification. FRID is in many ways a great idea. How does it work? Tiny computer chips (or ‘tags’) are attached to objects, clothes or packaging. These chips can be read by a central computer network. If you want to find your lost dog or to research the movements of a herd of elephants, FRID is very helpful. Just put the tag on the animal and watch from a safe distance. FRID has commercial uses too. Delta Airlines uses it to track luggage and the US Department of Defense uses it to control its weapons and vehicles.

The problem is that great technology is often used for less great purposes. FRID may be used to track people instead of products. The boss may decide to track his workers. The government may decide it wants to see which books you are reading or which political gatherings you attend. The cost of FRID may be your privacy. ⁸⁹

Listening : International Court of Justice

Listen to the definition and mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F):

1 ___ The ICJ only hears cases involving developing countries.

2 ___ There are fifteen elected judges on the ICJ.

3 ___ Cases are always heard by the full bench of judges.

Read the sentences and choose the correct word:

1. The judge (convene / nominate) in their chamber to discuss cases.

2. The ICJ wants a higher level of (recourse / perspective) to the international courts.

3. The diplomat was called to be a(n) (contentious / ad hoc) judge for the ICJ.

4. The votes were even until Mary cast the (decisive / elected) vote.

5. Look at the issue from someone else’s (perspective / chamber).

Fill in the blanks with the correct word/phrase from the word bank:

Submit developing countries elected contentious nominated chambers votes

1. The judge spoke to the attorney in her ______.

2. This is a very ______ issue; everyone has different opinions.

3. Jackson Haeley won the city council election by 374 _____.

4. Richard _____ his colleague to be department manager.

5. Ms. Lowry needs to _____ the forms by Friday at the latest.

6. _____ have a poorer standard of living than industrialized countries.

7. Grace Diamant was _____ mayor last November.

Listen to a government employees talking to a judge. Choose the correct answer:

1. Why does the government worker approach the judge?

A to ask him to run for election for the ICJ

B to ask him to judge a national case

C to ask him to sit on the ICJ on an ad hoc basis

D to ask him to judge a case in her favor

2. What is NOT true about the case?

A the judge’s decision will be decisive

B it concerns the pollution of rivers

C the judge will be able to vote

D the court will convene in several months

Listen to the talk again and complete the conversation:

Employee: I’m assuming you know that our government has 1 _______ a case to the International Court of Justice. It regards the pollution of our lives by the countries upstream.

Judge: Yes, I was aware of that.

Employee: We wondered if you would sit on the 2 _____ during the proceedings.

Judge: Me? I thought judges had to be 3 _____ .

Employee: The system allows us to nominate our own judge, on an ________ ______ basis.

Judge: Really? Is that always that case?

Employee: It is in 5 ______ cases such as ours. It allows us to present our own perspective to the court.

Judge: And will I also have the chance to 6 _____ ? ⁹⁰

Writing

All the rights and freedoms we enjoy today are the results of the struggle of many generations. Leaders of this struggle are well-known all over the world. Write about a person, who as you think made a great contribution into this sphere.

Additional texts.

Text A. Domestic violence

It is impossible to calculate how much of the crime and imprisonment in this country is caused, directly or indirectly, by family violence.

About 80 per cent of women in prison have been victims of child abuse, sexual abuse of domestic violence.

When do women take action?

The turning point may come when a woman can no longer hide the scars and bruises. Or when her own financial resources improve, when the kids grow out, or when she begins to fear for her safety. Sometimes, neighbors hear screaming and call the police – or a doctor challenges a woman’s made-up story about how she got those broken ribs.

To tell the truth cops hate domestic calls – in part because they are so unpredictable. A neighbor may simply report a disturbance and cops have no idea what they will find on the scene. The parties may have cooled down and be sitting in stony silence. Or one may be holding the other hostage, or the kids. Sometimes, warring spouses even turn on cops - which is why many police forces send them in pairs and tell them to maintain eye contact with each other at all times. But many couples still don’t see such calls as police work.

Many cities have started training programs to make police take domestic violence calls more sensitively – and seriously.

Women are scared and want the violence to stop. Ten days later, when they get subpoena to appear in court, the situation has changed. The idea of putting someone you live with in jail becomes impossible. Pressing charges is just the first step. The victim is faced with a range of potential legal remedies, orders of protection, criminal prosecution, family court prosecution, divorce, a child custody agreement. Each step is complex and time-consuming, requiring frequent court appearances by the victim and by the abuser.

But those in the field say the question is whether the justice system can solve a complex social problem. We need to rethink what we are doing. Prosecution isn’t a panacea. We put it on when there is an emergency and we keep it on as long as necessary. But the question is, then what? ⁹¹

Discuss the following points:

1. The text presents the situation in Great Britain. Do you think we have the same problems in Russia?

2. Why do policemen hate calls concerning domestic violence?

3. Why do women avoid suing their husbands?

4. Have you read or heard any stories about violence in the family?

5. Where can women or children find protection?

Text B

Text B. You couldn’t make it up

Read the article. Before reading look at the words in the box and try to predict what the story would be about.

defraud; disguise; fake; fraud; hoax; make up; autobiography; lie; forged letters; Swiss bank account

Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Put sentences A-H into the correct places in gaps 1-7. There is one extra sentence which you needn’t use.

1. Of course, I’m uncomfortable with discussing what you call betrayal.

2. After reading the manuscript and cross-examining Irving about his meeting with the billionaire, McCulloch became convinced that Irving was telling the truth, and that the telephone call he had received from Hughes was a fake.

3. His wife, Edith, received a two-year jail sentence in Switzerland, although most of the sentence was suspended and she served only two months.

4. He was a successful author with a three-book contract; he owned a lovely Ibiza farmhouse and his own boat.

5. Speaking on the telephone from his Bahamian hotel he held a bizarre television press conference, in which seven reporters sat around a table addressing questions to a voice coming from a speaker on a stand.

6. I couldn’t believe it when McCulloch betrayed me by telling Hughes what I’d done.

7. Especially, if you still have the money to give back, as we did,

8. Swiss authorities had been making investigation into Geneva bank account of ‘HR Hughes”, establishing that it was actually Irving’s wife who was depositing the cheques and withdrawing the money.

You couldn’t make it up

Clifford Irving was already a successful author, when in 1971 he hit upon the idea of faking the autobiography of the eccentric billionaire Howard Hughes – a man, who had not been seen in public, or broken silence for almost 15 years.

With forged letters and false promise, Irving convinced his publishers that Hughes had appointed him his biographer. He received cheques made out to Hughes for around $750,000, which Irving’s wife – carefully disguised in wigs and dark glasses – deposited in Swiss bank account. Irving now says it was never about the money. His life was good (1) ____ What he was in search of was not a good life but ‘an adventure’.

Nor, he says, did he grasp that he would be committing a crime. ‘We thought it was just a hoax. They can’t put you in jail for hoax (2) ___

‘He pauses. It just seemed like such an elegant act and also an act from which I thought I could withdraw at any time I wanted.’ That, he acknowledged with a rueful smile, was ’the great fallacy’.

What is most astonishing, perhaps, is how Irving managed to convince so many people for so long that he Hughes ‘autobiography’ was genuine. As news of its impending publication began to leak out, Franc McCulloch, a Time-Life journalist, who had been the last person to interview Hughes 14 years earlier, received a telephone call from a man purporting to be Hughes, stating that they had not cooperated with Irving in any way (3) ___ . In fact, the call was genuine.

On January 7, 1972, just before scheduled publication, Hughes finally broke cover. (4) ___ Hughes said he had never met Irving calling his autobiography ‘totally fantastic fiction’.

The net was drawing tighter. (5) _____ in the face of this clinching piece of evidence, Irving confessed to his lawyer; the whole thing was a hoax.

Did Irving feel any kind of remorse? Irving gives a deep sigh. ‘As the hoax unraveled, a number of people said to me, “How could you lie to me?” My answer was, “How could I tell you the truth? If you had known that the whole thing was made up you might have given it away. I couldn’t let you know.” (6) ___ But it was more than 35 years ago and I paid the price.’

In June 1972, Irving was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment on charges of conspiracy to defraud, forgery, using the federal mail to defraud and perjury. (7) ____ I didn’t think of it as being punished. It was just happening,’ says Irving, but at the same time I never thought I didn’t deserve to be there.’⁹²

GRAMMAR

Non-finite Forms. Gerund. Participles.

Task1. Translate the following phrases into English using Participles I and II.

Написанное письмо, сломанная ваза, бегущий мальчик, улыбающаяся девушка, сваренный суп, приготовленные документы, стоящий полицейский, найденные вещи, украденная камера, работающая комиссия.

Task 2. Change sentences as in the model:

The girl who is standing near the window is my sister. - The girl standing near the window is my sister.

1. The judge who hears cases of petty crimes is called a magistrate.

2. The thief who commits crimes in the shops called a shoplifter.

3. The vase which was broken by the boy was very expensive.

4. The letter that was sent to us by the criminal spoke about his repentance.

5. The laws that were discussed yesterday were very important.

6. The professor who teaches us criminology is a famous lawyer.

7. People who violate laws on intellectual property are seldom punished.

8. The offender who was sentenced to imprisonment looked disappointed.

9. The people who sit in the jury are ordinary people.

10. The books which were recommended to us by our teacher seem to be interesting and useful.

Task 3. A. Look at the examples and study the rules.

I am frightened.

It is frightening.

We use –ed adjectives to talk about feelings/ the situations that cause the feelings.

We use –ing adjectives to describe people or things.

Choose the correct adjective.

1. I’m going to watch the World Cup final tonight. I’m so________! (excited/exciting)

2. I’m _________! I’ve just been for a long run. (exhausted/exhausting)

3. Can we stop talking about politics? It’s very ___________. (bored/boring)

4. I’m not watching that horror film. It’s too___________. (frightened/ frightening)

5. I hate getting up early every day. It’s so ____________. (tired/tiring)

6. I don’t watch news on television, because I find it too______________. (depressed/depressing)

7. I don’t walk on my own at night. I’m too _____________. (frightened/ frightening)

8. I love sitting in a café and reading the newspaper in the morning. I find it very ______________. (relaxed/relaxing)

9. I find English grammar a bit ________________. (confused/confusing)

2. Think about these questions and then discuss them with another student. Ask follow-up questions like “Why?”

1. What do you find confusing?

2. What makes you annoyed?

3. What do you do when you are bored?

4. What do you find depressing?

5. What do you find relaxing? ⁹³

Task 4. Complete the sentences using the words from the box.

depressing excited frightening confusing frightened bored tiring exhausted annoyed relaxing

1. I don’t watch horror films. I find them too _____ .

2. I’m really ____ about starting my new job. It’s going to be great.

3. It makes me sad. The news about the war is very _____ .

4. I was so_____ that I left the cinema before the film had finished.

5. When I am stressed, listening to music makes me feel better. It’s very _____ .

6. I’ve been working long hours this week, so I’m _____ .

7. Francis was really _____when she discovered we had spent all the money.

8. I don’t understand these instructions. They are too ______ .

9. I have to carry a lot of heavy boxes, so my job is quite ____

10. She started screaming because she was ____ of spiders. ⁹⁴

Task 5. Match the words to get correct phrases, paying attention to Participles I and II.

A

a sentence committed by a court

a law imposed by (a) citizen(s)

a person enforced upon (by) a crime

a fine suspected of the police

an offence passed by a government

B

police dealing with crimes

citizens having wide powers

obeying the law

breaking the law

imposing a fine

enforcing the law

catching criminals⁹⁵

Task 6. Read and translate what is given in brackets using Participle I.

1. International law is a very interesting branch of law – (восходящая от, начинающая) its roots in the past when it was necessary to solve large-scale problems.

2. Most Bills are dealt with by (действующими) committees of fifteen to fifty MPs.

3. The member states of the Community have several aims (включая) economic and political integration.

4. The European Union has several objectives, one of which is to maintain and develop (существующие) EC laws.

5. The merchants had their own courts (использующие) swift and simple procedures.

6. (Рассмотрев) legislation, we now need to observe the other main sources of case law.

7. (Рассказав) everything he knew the witness left the box.

8. The burglar (разбив) the window got into the house.

9. (Управляемые) by the Home Office the prisons in Great Britain have also local authorities.

10. (После того, как свидетельские показания собраны), the decision about proceedings is taken by the Prosecutor.

Task 7. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the forms of Participles I and II.

1. Preventing crimes the police performs its main function.

2. When having a conflict of evidence in a trial, more evidence should be found.

3. Lords holding high judicial office deal with appeals.

4. A practicing lawyer must have a special license.

5. Having infringed a right of another person one should be prosecuted for it.

6. Having broken into the shop the thief began to put clothes into his bag.

7. Being connected with the intergovernmental relations the International Court is the only branch of law that may settle serious intergovernmental disputes.

8. The governing body of solicitors is the Law Society.

9. Helen saw a policeman detaining an offender.

10. I heard the witness giving evidence at the trial.

11. When charged with murder, he was arrested.

12. Releasing the offender, the officer cautioned him not to drive too fast.

13. Being suspected of an offence, he was detained.

14. When detained, he was released on bail.

15. Having been questioned, he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation.

16. Having been cautioned, he did not commit a crime.

Task 8. Translate the sentences with Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

2. The work done, they went home.

3. We investigated the case, with the data being collected.

4. The play being boring, the audience left the house.

5. The scene being horrifying, we left the place at once.

6. The police and other law enforcement bodies investigate crimes and offences, with the procurator deciding whether to prosecute or not.

7. The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.

8. In addition to there being a judge, each county court has a District Judge.

9. The case being very complicated, it took the jury a lot of time to reach their verdict.

10. The court having no evidence, the suspect was acquitted.

Task 9. Translate the sentences into English using Participle I.

1. Судебный округ – это термин, определяющий территорию, на которой должно рассматриваться правонарушение.

2. Судьи, занимающиеся делами несовершеннолетних, включают в себя специалистов, знающих детскую психологию.

3. Каждый солиситор, специализирующийся на конкретном вопросе права, может заниматься мелкими уголовными делами.

4. Солиситор, работающий самостоятельно, редкое явление в Великобритании.

5. Барристер – это лицо, обладающее юридическими полномочиями и работающее в адвокатуре.

6. Человек, нуждающийся в юридической помощи, должен обратиться к солиситору.

7. Так как английское право во многом происходит из прецедентов, то английское право считается прецедентным.

8. Юридическое лицо – это организация, имеющая лицензию на право соответствующей деятельности, собственность и регистрацию в государственном органе.

9. Так как правила прецедента зависят от практической деятельности судов, то значительно возрастает ответственность судей.

10. Прецедентное право, будучи очень важным в законно-правовой системе, продолжает играть важную роль в правовой системе Великобритании.

11. Исполнительная власть США – одна из трех исполнительных ветвей власти государства, состоящая из президента, вице-президента и кабинета министров.

12. В некоторых странах по Конституции право вето – одна из важнейших черт, отличающая президента и ставящая его выше других органов исполнительной власти.

13. Так как суд рассматривает дело по первой инстанции, юрисдикция может быть обычной.

14. После того, как истец подает апелляцию, ее может принять к рассмотрению только суд второй инстанции.

15. Интерпол, подразделяющийся на 4 основных органа (Генеральная Ассамблея, Исполнительный комитет, генеральный секретариат и национальное центральное бюро), стал ведущей полицейской организацией. Его штаб-квартира располагается в Сен-Клу, в пригороде Парижа.

Task 10. Use the correct preposition.

1. I avoid ___ speaking with people of this kind.

1. He insisted ___ listening to his explanations.

2. Nobody enjoys ____ going to doctors.

3. Of course, we are interested ____ profitable business.

4. I don’t like the idea _____ spending the whole summer in town.

5. Why do you keep _____ eating junk food? It’s not healthy.

6. He was accused ____stealing the money, though he denied ____ being in the house at all.

7. We must not blame children ____ breaking or spoiling something.

8. The students need more practice ____ speaking English.

9. Finally, he succeeded ____ passing the exam.

10. You’d better give ____ smoking.

11. We are thinking ____ buying a new house.

12. He left without thanking us ____ the invitation.

13. Forgive me ____ interrupting your work.

14. Russian tourists are not used _____ spicy food.

15. I was afraid____ treading on a snake.

Task 11. Gerund or Infinitive?

Jenny Schubert, a book editor, describes her job. Put the verbs in the correct form: gerund or infinitive.

I love seeing (see) a book begin to develop. And I try (1) ____ (work) closely with the author. During the early stages, I invite the author (2) ____ (have) dinner with me at home. We usually manage (3) _____ (discuss) the book while eating.

It sounds strange, but I’d like (54) _____ (read) more for pleasure. I don’t seem (5) _____ (find) the time to read books outside my field of work and I hate (6)_____ (start) books when I don’t have time to finish them.

I enjoy (7)_____ (speak) to young writers and I advise them (8) ____ (read) as much as they can. I also tell them (9) _____ (write) from the heart, about things that are important to them. I sometimes agree (10) ____ (look) at the work of a new author if I expect (11) _____ (enjoy) the book, but I refuse (12) _____ (read) new work if it’s full of spelling mistakes or badly presented. ⁹⁶

Task 12 . Choose a verb from the box to complete the sentences. Put it into the infinitive or gerund form.

play (2) be have study beat paint write

1. Bill Clinton adores _____ the saxophone.

2. Madonna enjoys ______ books for children.

3. Paul McCartney tries ____ regularly and has had exhibitions of his paintings.

4. Robbie Williams is often invite _____ football in celebrity matches.

5. Gisele Bundchen loves volleyball and wanted ____ a professional player.

6. Kylie Minogue loves Scrabble and regularly manages ______ writer, Salman Rushdie.

7. Serena Williams designs clothes and would like _____ her own fashion company.

8. Angelina Jolie finished ______ to be a pilot in 2004. She now flies her own plane. ⁹⁷

Task 13. Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. I really don’t feel like going/to go out tonight. Do you?

2. Everyone expected his business failing/to fail within the first few months.

3. What would you like doing/to do this evening?

4. We discussed turning/to turn the attic into a spare bedroom with the architect.

5. She wasn’t able speaking/to speak very clearly after her accident.

6. Do you mind moving/to move your car, please? You’re blocking the road.

7. They’re going to postpone making/to make a decision until next month.

8. Are you planning of getting/to get a new DVD player?

9. Are you thinking of getting/to get a PlayStation?

10. I’m very pleased telling/to tell you that you’ve passes!

11. Sarah’s offered putting/to put us for the weekend.

12. I’m really looking forward to going/to go on the cruise.

Task 14. Complete using the correct form (-ing form or full infinitive) of the verb in brackets. You may need to use the passive voice.

1. I’ll never forgive June for ______ (lie) to me like that.

2. Ivan’s not very good at ______ (make) friends.

3. I can’t resist _____ (buy) things when they’re in the sales.

4. We’ve got to encourage students _____ (study), not blame them for not studying.

5. I don’t know how you managed ______ (persuade) the bank managers to lend you so much money!

6. Does Jessica dislike ______ (walk) so much that she’s not going to come with us?

7. Do you deny _____ (steal) the money” Yes, or no>?

8. The kids were pretending _____ (be) asleep, but they didn’t fool me for a second.

9. I refuse ______ (accept) that there’s no alternative.

10. No one understands how Jill can afford ______ (go) on so many holidays each year.

11. He only just escaped ____ (send) to prison. Next time, the judge won’t be so forgiving.

12. He expected ______ (give) a brand new computer for Christmas, but all he got was a second-hand watch!

Task 15 . Complete using the correct form (-ing form, bare infinitive or full infinitive) of the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.

achieve be behave come do hope improve learn listen make play sit down take tell try use work

Report: William Watson

William Watson sometimes seems to be afraid of (1) _________ hard. He can’t help (2) _______ to avoid (3) _______ anything that involves (4) ______ his brain, particularly on Friday afternoons. He seems to detest (5) _____ life seriously, and pretends he isn’t capable of (6) _______ anything of worth. This is unfortunate as, with a little more effort, William could succeed in (7) ______ great progress.

However, at present, he frequently just wants (8) ______ the fool. He enjoys (9) ______ jokes. Presumably, he imagines this (10) ______ the best way to make friends, but in fact he often just ends up preventing the other students from (11) ______ . He has promised on several occasions (12) ________ his behavior in class, but then he just keeps on (13) ________ in exactly the same way. Recently, I have had to beg him (14) ______ and be quiet in the classroom, but it’s difficult to know how to make him (15) _______ to his senses. He just does not seem interested in (16) ________ to my opinion. I’m tempted to give up even (17)_______ that he might improve. Having said that though, Mr. Watson is an extremely good maths teacher!

Task 16. Translate the following sentences into English, using Gerund or Infinitive.

A

1. Должен признать, что вы были правы.

1. Многие пенсионеры жалуются, что правительство обмануло их.

2. Уверен, что его невозможно убедить посещать все занятия.

3. Премьер-министр Великобритании объявил, что правительство найдет средства для поддержки высшего образования.

4. Студенты заверили преподавателя, что декан отпустил их с лекции для подготовки к конкурсу.

5. Ты объяснил, что тебе надо поменять расписание?

6. Ученые говорят, что необходимо убедить общество в том, что каждый должен думать об охране окружающей среды.

7. Уверяю вас, мы сделаем все возможное, чтобы подобное не повторилось.

8. Он отказался дать какие-либо объяснения по этому поводу.

9. Не стоит постоянно напоминать ему об одном и том же. Пусть он будет более ответственным.

10. Он обвинил своего партнера в том, что тот украл деньги компании.

11. Мы настаиваем на том, чтобы все сотрудники были извещены о предстоящих изменениях.

B

1. Мы согласились сделать часть этой работы.

1. Он признал, что видал это происшествие.

2. Если ты не можешь позволить себе купить машину, ни в коем случае не бери кредит.

3. Профессор потребовал, чтобы студенты сдали отчет о практике концу недели.

4. Я избегаю споров по пустякам.

5. Преступник притворился, что он сотрудник фирмы.

6. Часто мы не можем сопротивляться искушению посмотреть сериал вместо того, чтобы прочесть серьезную книгу.

7. Терпеть не могу лежать на пляже весь день,

8. Он оказался очень опытным работником.

Task 17 . Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentences. Use between two and five words in each gap.

1. I should have taken my medicine this morning, but I didn’t remember. – forgot

I _________ my medicine this morning.

2. I’ll always remember the time when I went up Mont Blank. - never

I’ll _________ Mont Blanc.

3. I must hang up the washing later. - remember

I ___________ up the washing later.

4. Daren thinks that wearing a suit to work is appropriate. - likes

Darren _______ a suit to work.

5. Jackie wishes she hadn’t said that to Allie. - regrets

Jackie ___________ that to Allie.

6. I’m sorry, but your credit card has been cancelled by the bank. – regret

I _______ your credit card has been cancelled by the bank.

7. Crashing the car wasn’t my intention, you know! - mean

I _______ the car, you know!

8. If I take that job, I’ll have to do a lot more travelling. - mean

Taking that job _______ to do a lot more travelling.

9. Jim’s mum made him tidy his room before he could go and play in the park. – made

Jim ______ his room before he could go and play in the park.

10. I didn’t suppose you watched that film last night on BBC2, did you? - happen

You _______ that film last night on BBC2, did you?

11. People often think that learning Latin is a waste of time. – considered

Learning Latin ________ a waste of time.⁹⁸

Task 18 . Use one word in each gap.

1. I prefer pop music _____ rock, to be honest.

2. I would prefer to go to the concert tomorrow _____ than on Sunday.

3. I ______ playing the piano on my own to performing.

4. I’d rather _____ to that jazz club than a nightclub.

5. I’d ______ you didn’t practice playing the trumpet while I’m trying to study.

6. You’d _____ get tickets soon as they’re running out.

7. We queued up early in _____ to get good seats.

8. We waited for hours so _____ not to miss the VIPs arriving.

9. I called the theatre _____ find out what time the concert started.

10. I actually prefer ____ to listen to music through speakers; it sounds so much better through headphones.

11. Don’t you think e ______ better turn the music down a bit? ⁹⁹

Task 19 . Choose the correct answer.

Approaches to learning

People appear (1) _____ in different ways. Some people expect (2) ______ mistakes in their studies ns are capable of (3) ______ from their mistakes. They don’t mind (4) _____ by their teacher and indeed often ask (5) _____ corrected.

Others, however, dislike (6) _____ mistakes. They try to avoid (7) _____ anything which they might do badly. They would rather (8) ______ something in small steps and be sure they have got it right (9) ____ attempt to do a task based on a subject they don’t feel they have finished (10) ______ yet.

Both ways of learning seem (11) _____ equally valid, but a combination of the two may be the best solution. In (12) _____ to learn effectively, students have to remember (13) ______ risks sometimes. But they also have to feel comfortable and secure with what they’re doing so (14) _____ not to become demotivated. All students should at least think about (15) _____ the way that they approach learning. ¹⁰⁰

1 A learning B to learn C learn D having learnt

2 A making B to make C make D having made

3 A benefiting B to benefit C benefit D to have benefited

4 A correcting B being corrected C to correct D to be corrected

5 A being B be C to have been D to be

6 A making B to make C to be making D make

7 A doing B to do C having done D to have done

8 A to perfect B perfecting C perfect D be perfected

9 A to B from C that D than

10 A explore B to explore C exploring D being explored

11 A that B to be C as D being

12 A desire B demand C need D order

13 A to take B taking C to have taken D having taken

14 A that B much C as D many

15 A to question B questioning C question D to be questioned

Task 20 . Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. Before meeting/met Harriet, I never knew what real love was.

2. I’m sure that after passing /passed your exam, you’ll feel a lot better.

3. Having finished/finished the letter, Peter printed it out.

4. Looking/looked through the window, I saw a strange man at the door.

5. I cooked dinner and, doing/having done that, I sat down to watch TV.

6. Hearing/heard a noise outside, Janice went to investigate.

7. Having lost/losing my notes, I couldn’t revise properly for the test.

8. Having been/being quite intelligent, Matt hopes to get into a good university.

9. Having missed/missing the start of the film, I decided not to bother watching the rest of it.

10. After making/made her bed Cherie had a shower.

Task 21. Complete the sentences so that the meaning remains the same.

1. I suddenly remembered where I’d left my keys when I was waiting for the bus. - Waiting ________

2. I slipped because I was trying to run in the rain. - Trying _____

3. I felt quite sorry for Tim when I saw him cry. - Seeing ______

4. John was depressed because he knew he was going to fail the exam. -- Knowing ______

5. The reason I’m quite good at basketball is that I’m quite tall. - Being ______

6. Georgia didn’t know any Japanese, so she used a phrase book when she was there. - Not ______

7. Ed can afford three holidays abroad each year because he has a slot of money. – Having _______

8. Maria began to worry when she realized she was lost. - Realizing _______

Stop and check 4

1. Match the branches of law in English with their Russian equivalents:

1. Property law a) общее право

2. Contract lawб) деликтное право

3. Tort lawв) личная собственность

4. Merchant lawг) договорное право

5. Equity lawд) торговое право

6. Common lawе) вещное право

7. Civillawж) право справедливости

8. Criminal lawз) гражданское право

9. Intellectual property и) уголовное право

10. Personal propertyк) интеллектуальная собственность