Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Лекции по русской литературе / Лекции по русской литературе_Набоков В_1999 -440с

.pdf
Скачиваний:
40
Добавлен:
17.05.2015
Размер:
2.58 Mб
Скачать

"E( 3' 8(" E 6 =$6 (4!5 6(""'8 3( $= $8(" (, #=$b DZ ! " #("(=$4 X(3! " "$&E6$4 R W "$ - '3"'#' & '?=$&'6$""(BW V (6=' (BA(6 56'(#' 6=(8(" - "(6(M3'B ?'46$"'8. j '?E &$3 W ! W "5 B $- 4$" , 64$5 = ?(#$4 &$ =( $8, 56 =( 'B A("& =(,'5 '9""E8 "$& 3$" 98, ' (S(5 8 6([(6$" 98 , "$-'"(A, ?4$#'M(4$ (4!"' ' "(54 5! ( (=? =#5 8 "(- #'3998, 6E" 3 6W 8 (#' 3=$ !59 "$ =' '6'B 3 N4 5 M$4 8 ='V'3 8A(8 & ='94 5 5 'B O=$"A .

C 3= #'B 5 '='"E, S=(&6ES$B"' 64 9 (4!"E( 4(6E( = -

, 6E5 $&E6$6W ( 6 54'6 9V 5$8'3(=M$6 9 56' =(6'4ZA '""E( 6ǭE 8"(" 9 6 5$8EV ' 49="EV&3$" 9V, - N =$3 $4E, 5 4!"' ='54$6 6W (59 6 '- 54(3" ( #'3E M &" R W "$, ?E4 'M( 6(5!8$ "(3'- 6'4!"E N 8 S(4'6( '8, ' '=EB, 68(5 ' '#' S '?E 54 M ! "$='3 5'A $4!"'B 5 =$6(34 6'5 , 5'S "94&E5 $""(BW ( 5 V '?' 65(8 "$ 56( (, '=$M$6W ( "(6(='9 "'B 58(4'5 !Z 'N S(5 'B '?=$&"'5 !Z. C$- 8' =$&"''?=$& ( (#' 'N& '?(5A(" 6$4' =(6'4ZA '"- "E( 3( , ' '=E( = M(4$" 8'M"' =$ǭ( ! 6 (#' "(?=(M"EV, 54 W '8 "(?=(M"EV "$ $3 $V "$ 8$4EV ?'4!W V =$"'6. g#' 'N S(5 $9 3(=&'5 ! 5S $4$5! $= 5 ' =$ S(5 'B &$?$6'B, $ V 3'M(5 6(""$9 "(&$6 - 5 8'5 ! - 5'A $4!"E8 =(5 4(" (8. R'5=(35 6(""E( ?'=&' 5AE 5 ?'4!W 8 '4 S(5 8 6(5'8 "$&E6$4 R W "$ 8(4 8 = b8' 4( '8. > 60-( 70-( ##. &6(5 - "E( = , N 8 =E '?[(5 6(""'#' 8"(" 9, 8("'- 6$4 R W "$ '4 V'8 9='5 "' ='6'$W$4 , S ' $- =$ 5$ '# 349 ?'5'#' 8 M $ 6$M"(( 65(V l( 5 ='6 R W "EV 68(5 ( 6&9 EV. C=$6" 6$9 N ( E, ' =(?- 496W (59 =$B" 8 =$3 $4$8 =$B" 8 8'"$=V - 5 $8 6 V 5 M3(" 9V ' 6(4 S$BW(8 = 55 '8 'N (, '- =$M$(W!59 V 5V'35 6 .

R= 8(= :'#'49 ( '"(A 30-V - 40-( ##.) ?E4 "(5 '4! '"E8. R=(M3( 65(#' 9 V'S 5 $&$ !, S ' «X(6 &'=» «\(= 6E( 3 W » - 4'3E (#' 5'?5 6(""'#' 6''?=$M(- " 9, (#' "'S"EV 'W8$='6, "$5(4(""EV 6E3 8$""E88, " "$ S ' "( 'V'M 8 5 [(5 6$8 . %" "( ?E4 "( 8'#4 ?E ! &(= $4'8 = 55 'B M &" '#' 6=(8(" ,'5 '4! :'#'4!, ='8( 65(#' ='S(#', "( &"$4 X'55 ,(#' "( 3$S"$9 ' E $ "$ 5$ ! 6 '='B '8 «\(= 6EV

11

3 W» - =(& 4! $ "(3'5 $ 'S"'#' &"$" 9 M &" "(6'&- 8'M"'5 (=(5(4 ! '='M3(" 9 56'(B b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i'5 '(65 B ?E4 &$ =([(" S ! "( $&"(" &$ 56' Z"'W(5 ( '- 4 S(5 ( = 5 =$5 9, "' '#3$ '&3"(( '" "$S$4=(6'&"'5 ! 58 =(" (, "( =' 64(" (, 5 =$3$" (, =$- 3 $4E '36(=#4 (#' " S 'M$Z[(B = (. 2 ( M(= 9='5 "' "$ $3$4 "$ D'45 '#' &$ ', S ' '", 'V 8"(" Z, &'?=$M$4 4Z?'6"E( W$4'5 56( 5 V 3$8

4'6$""EV $= 5 ' =$ '6, $ A(= '6! =(3$4$ (#' $"$b(8( &$ ', S ' '" '58(4 459 =' '6(3'6$ ! 56'Z 5'?5 6("" Z 6(= .

R= 6(3(""EV = 8(='6, '-8'(8 , 3'5 $ 'S"'. \'M"' ?(& =( 6(4 S(" 9 5 $&$ !, S ' 'S 65( 6(4 ( = 5- 5 ( 5$ (4 19 6. ='W4 N ' 56'('?=$&"'( 36'B"'( S 5 4 [(.

^$ (8 ?4 5 $ (4!"EB 19 6( '"S 459. > 1904 #. 8(= j(V'6, 6 1910-8 - D'45 'B. R'96 4'5! "'6'( ' '4(" (5$ (4(B, '54(3"99 65 EW $, 4 V'=$3'S"EB 65 4(5 $4$" '6. a 36$ =(3=(6'4ZA '""EV 3(59 4( 9 5'6-$4 5 =$5A6( '8 8'3(=" &8$ 6 'N& , ='&( M 6' - 5 . ;"3=(B Y(4EB - =(3W(5 6("" iM(B85$ iM'B5$,'N -5 86'4 5 ;4( 5$"3= Y4' "(5 '4! ' 'N '6- $6$"#$=3 5 '6 6EW4 "$ '56([(""E( '38'5 4 (=$-=E. <'#3$ 8("!W( S(8 S(=(& #'3 '54( O(6=$4!5 'B =(6'4ZA ?'4!W(6 56(=#4 3(8' =$ S(5 B =(M 8 <(=("5 '#' 5 $"'6 4 56'Z (=='= 5 S(5 Z 3 $-= , ?'4!W "5 6' = 55 V 5$ (4(B N8 #= ='6$4', "(-' '=E( '5 $4 5! - 5 $M(8, 'N -b = 5 \$9 '65 B. ^$ $3"E( '?'&=(6$ (4 $Z $6$"#$=3" Z 4 (=$ =

12

5 "'6(BW(B '4 'B, &$ N $" A 5 =$3'5 !Z V- 6$ 4$5! 5'6( 5 $9 =' $#$"3$ &$ #=$" A(B, ='3'4M$94! 6 ='6$ ! (( ' 5(B 3("!. > 5 ["'5 , 4 (=$ =- "E( 6 5E = 5 =$5 9 @(" "$ ?E4 S"' '?E6$- (4!5 8 , ? =M $&"E8 , 5 5$8'#' "$S$4$ 5'6( 5 B =(M 8 &$4'M 4 '5"'6E 349 = 8 6"'B, ='6 "A $4!- "'B, "$5 6'&! '4 & ='6$""'B, '4 A(B5 'B, S=(&6E- S$B"' '"5(=6$ 6"'B =$b$=( "'B 4 (=$ =E. C'- 6( 5 '( =$6 (4!5 6' 5 'S$='6$ (4!"'B =98' 'B 5-=(""'5 !Z, " S ! "( 'V'M(B "$ ='? (, "( 6(=("- "E(, ?(5 '4 '6E( W$# =(M"(#' =(M 8$, ='6'$5 - 4', S ' 4 (=$ =$ - '= 3 ( 6 = $V #'5 3$=5 6$, '- 54(3" ( 40 4( N ' 5S$5 4 6'( '?'Z3"'( 5'#4$5 ( 8(M3'N '8 M$"3$=8'8 ='6'3 4'5! 6 M &"! 5'6(=W(""' "( '5" (4!"'. > =(& 4! $ ( '96 4$5! $ "$&E6$(8$9 5'6( 5 $9 4 (=$ =$, 4 (=$ =$ ? =M $&"$9 ' 56'(B 5 4 5 (, ?(&"$3(M"' 5 S"$9, '54 W"' (=(4$#$Z- [$9 4 " Z #'5 3$=5 6("" Z 3' = " .

2" (=(5"' ' 8( !, S ' "( " $ 'B =$&" AE 8(M3 5-55 6'8 = b$W &8( '88 " &8(. R'&6'4! ( 8"(='A ='6$ !: «e 3'M" 3'4M(" =$&6 6$ !59 56'?'3- "', ?(& 3$64(" 9 &6"(. %3"$ ' 8E =(? (8 '3"'#':= &"$" 9 "$W V ?(M3(" B». a ' 54'6$ & =(S 3' '- =$ X'&("?(=#$, 8 " 5 =$ 4! =E # 4(='65 'B :(=8$- " . «<$M3EB V 3'M" 8(( =$6' 6'= ! 56'?'3"', "' 8E, '88 " 5 E, 3'4M"E "$ =$649 ! (#' 6'=S(5 6'» ( & =(S @(" "$). a ' ? 6$4!"E( A $ E, 5V'35 6' V ?E4' ?E 6(5!8$ &$?$6"E8, (54 ?E '?[$9 $= "$ "( 96494$ 5'?'B 5 '4! (S$4!"'#' &=(4 [$.

7( 'S"'5 ! >. 7$?' '6$: ;4!b=(3 X'&("?(=#, '3 " & #4$6"EV 3('4'#'6 "$A '"$4-5'A $4 &8$, " '#3$ "( ?E4 8 " 5 ='8 4! =E. - R= 8. =(3.

«\E "$ =$649(8 6$W (=!9» - $ '6 #4$6"EB &$ '" <'88 " 5 S(5 'B $= 6 ' "'W(" 4 (=$ '='6,' 4'# ( 6([(B '" 3'4M(" ?E4 = 6(5 '964(" Z «M &"(""'B» 4 (=$ =E. %? ( $(8'( (4' &$ '"$ '?- 4$3$4' S 65 6 (4!"E8 3 $4( S(5 8 [ $4!A$8 : 54(3 Z[ 8 W$#'8 3'4M"' ?E4' 5 $ ! 5 '4! M( [$ (4!- "'( 4$" ='6$" ( 5$ (4!5 '#' = 3$, $ N '"'8 -, '"' 5 4 4' 5$ (4Z ', S ' 'b A $4!"$9 =' $-

13

#$"3$ 5 5$8'3'6'4!"'B V8E4 'B 8(" ( «?(5 '"(S"E8 8"'#' (8!(8», ?' 4Z?'( &8("(" ( 6 N '"'8 S(5 'B'4 S(5 'B M &" '64( 4' ?E &$ 5'?'B &8("(" ( 6 4 (=$ =(: 5(#'3"9 "$ 3'8 &$3$4 (8 &$6'3'6, &$6 =$ - '4V'&'6, ' '8 - 5$?' $M$, ' '8 - <=$5"'B $=8 , $ 3$4((. (R'3 8$ ! '4! ', $ '( 8"'#''?=$& (!) 2 5'6( 5 B 5$ (4! EV , &$3EV$( 59 8(S( 59 ' '?- =$&A'6'B ?'4!" AE '?=$&A'6'B W$V ( 4 3$8?(, 6(S- "' 3='M$ ' 5 =$V$, S ' (54 '" "( ? 3( 3'5 $ 'S"' =$5 '=' (", ' 8'M( "("$=' '8 6'&3$ ! V6$4 #(='Z4 &$ '" , =$&3"(""'8 "$ $" "(.

> (S(" ( 40 4( $?5'4Z "'#' #'5 '35 6$ 5'6( 5 '(=$6 (4!5 6' " =$& "( 589#S$4' '" ='49 "$3 5 5-

5 6'8. >=(89 '

6=(8(" '"' 54(# $ '54$?49(

=(55,

S '?E '58' =( !, S ' ? 3( 3$4!W(, 3( "$ "(?'4!-

W ( 5 "3 6 3 $4!"'8

5$8'6E=$M(" Z, $

&$-

$3"E( ' 8 5 E M( 54EW$

6 "'6'B " #( "' '-

4 S(5 '#' =' (5 $, $ 'B ?E 'W4'B '"$ " ?E4$.

>5(8 &6(5 "E

N 6(5 5 E( ?(5 5(44(=E:

«D V B

i'"», «7( V4(?'8 (3 "E8», «e M "$ 393 2 5»

$

3$4(( - #'=E 'W4'5 , 4'8( =E ?$"$4!"'5 (B, ' '- =E( "'5 =$""E( M ="$4 5 E "$&E6$Z « '4"' ='6"'- 8'# S 8 » «"(' =$& 8E8 ». 7' 6E, 3$M( (54 5'6( - 5 B $6 '= 3'5 #$( ='6"9 $ '#'-" ? 3! a '"$ @!Z 5$ ("( ? 3(8 "$&E6$ ! 8("), ' '#3$ ?(&' =$3- "EB b$ '5 $( 59 b$ '8: 5'6( 5 '( =$6 (4!5 6' - 5$8$9 'W4$9 '=#$" &$A 9 "$ 56( (, "( 3' 5 $Z[$9 ""3 6 3 $4!"'#' ' 5 $, " 6'=S(5 'B 58(4'5 , 54'- 6'8, " S(#' "'6'#', 9= '#', '= # "$4!"'#' "('?ES"'- #'. 2 3$6$B ( "( ? 3(8 '?8$"E6$ !59: 3$, 3 $ '=E 5 $=(Z 8 =$Z . 7' b 4'5'b 9 #'5 3$=5 6$ " "$ B' "( &8(" 4$5!, '#3$ C $4 " 58(" 4 @(" "$, '- #3$ 64$5 = W(4 e= [(6, 4 , $ (#' 8(" Z "$ ^$ $3(, <= [(6, 65( '5 $4'5! "(&E?4(8E8, $ ?E (#' " &6$4 . >' S ' '" &=( "$ '54(3"(8 $= B"'8 5c(&3( ( Z"! 1957): «D6'=S(5 $9 $ 6"'5 ! 6 5b(=( 4 (=$ =E 5 55 6$ 3'4M"$ ?E ! ='" " $ 3 V'8 ?'=!?E &$ '88 " &8, 3'4M"$ "$ '4"9 ! 5(=3A$ ?'3='- 5 !Z, 5 4'B ?(M3(" 9, =$&6 6$ ! 5'A $4 5 S(5 Z 5'&"$ (4!"'5 ! #= '6 Z 3 5A 4 " ». d ='5 ' '?'M$Z N ' «#= '6'B 5 4!», N = '= , 3 3$ -

14

, N ' =$5 [ B, $ 5"(M"EB '8, ' ' #$&( "EV W $8 '6.

R'5 '4! $6 '=5 '8 6''?=$M(" Z 56'?'3"'B 6'4('4'M(" 5 ='#' 5 $"'64(""EB =(3(4, $ $M3EB ='4(- $=5 B ='8$" 3'4M(" &$6(=W$ !59 5S$5 4 6E8 '"A'8, $6 '= 5 ' (=(3 M(5 ' 'B "('?V'3 8'5 !Z '5 =' !" (=(5"EB 5ZM( , V' 9 =$&69& $ &$=$"(( &6(5 "$ S - $ (4Z. > $"#4'5$ 5'"5 '8 ?'(6 ( &4'3(B '?E "'6(""' ?E6$( "$ $&$", $ 5 4!"EB 8'4S$4 6EB #(='B &$6'(6E- 6$( 4Z?'6! 54$?'B #'6'=4 6'B ?$=EW" , "' 6 &$ $3"EV

5=$"$V "( =$6 (4!5 6(""'#' &$ '"$, &$ =([$Z[(#' =$55 $&E, ' '=E( "( '3S "9Z 59 N 'B "(M"'B =$3 - A , 'N '8 "$5 65(#3$ '5 $( 59 "$3(M3$, S ' =(-

5"EB, "' ='8$" S"EB #(='B ? 3( =$ 4 6$ ! "$ 6'4(, $ 3'?=EB, "' 5 S"EB 8$4EB 6 '"A( '"A'6 ? 3( ' 6(=#" $ = &"'B #(=' "(B.

f 5'6( 5 '#' 5$ (49 $ 'B 56'?'3E "( . g#' N 4'#='3 '6$" &$ '"'8, S $ (4Z N ' $ M( V'='W' &- 6(5 "', $ 5$ (4Z. <$ M( 6 $ '8 54 S$( (8 3$- ( 59 '33(=M 6$ ! S $ (49 " (=(5? 7$B3("' "(- 5 '4! ' =(W(" B. >'- (=6EV, =$& '?(M3$( "( ' 3(4!- "EB #(='B, $ '4 A(B5 '( #'5 3$=5 6', ' '='( (5 !5 ""EB #(='B 4Z?'#' 5'6( 5 '#' ='8$"$, ' "(5 '4! ' 6 '='5 ( (""EV (=5'"$M(B ( 8 8'# ?E ! 3$M( ?(& -

=(S"E( ?'4!W(6 ) 8 =$Z

"$5 4!5 6(""'B 58(=-

!Z, = 54'6 , S ' 6 '"A(

'=M(5 6 ( 3(9 >(4 '-

#' :'5 3$=5 6$. 2"E( 4'6 ( $6 '=E &6(5 "E

(8, S ' 6

V

" #$V 8(""'

58(= ! '88 " 5 $ "$

'54(3"(B

5 =$" A( &"$8(" (

5'?'B

= 8b '88 " 5 S(5 'B

3( : 9 8 =$Z, S '?E C'6( 5 $9 5 =$"$ M 4$ 3$4!W(.

>'

6$8 (=6EB !, "' 6 "(8

$ 59 ' $5"'5 !, '-

5 '4! $6 '=$ 8'#

'?6 " ! 6

'8, S ' 68(5 ( 5 S(4'-

6( '8 '" ? 4 5 86'4, '?=$&"' #'6'=9 - Z"# "$ #'=9- [(B $4 ?( 68(5 ( 5 3((B 6(4 '#' b4' $. g54 $6 '= '5 '='M(" '58' = (4(", '" 3'4M(" "$3(4 ! ' $6- W(#' 6 ?(3 '88 " 5 $ '4 'B 54$?'5 5 4(# 'B - 5'- 65(8 4(# 'B - = 8(5!Z '4 S(5 '#' 6'4!"'3 85 6$4 "( ' '=E8 ? =M $&"E8 N 4( &8'8, ' '=E(, "( &$3(6$9 6(4 S(5 6(""EV '36 #'6 '54(3 Z[(B &$ " 8 58(= , &$ '""' ' =$63E6$Z (#' 4 S"'( "(5S$- 5 !(. C '5'?"EB 5'6( 5 B 5$ (4! 5'? =$( 56' V

15

(=5'"$M(B, S$5 6 Z[ V 6 5'&3$" b$?= 4 '4- V'&$, 'S $ $6 '= 3( ( 6"'#' =$55 $&$ 5'? =$( "(5 '4! ' S(4'6( 6 &$#'='3"'8 3'8( 4 6 6$#'"( '- (&3$, #3( 6' -6' 3'4M"' =' &'B ? B5 6'. > 5'6( - 5 '8 '6(5 6'6$" 3(9 =(5 4(" 9 = " 8$( 6 3 $B"'#' 6=$#$, &$8EW49Z[(#' =' 6 = 3'6 4$"'6 5'6( 5 '#' =(3 = 9 9. <$ 6 ?$"$4!"'8 3( ( 6(, =$&"''?=$&"E( #(=' &'?=$M("E $ , S ' S $ (4! " -'#3$ 3' '"A$ "( 6(=(", 3(B5 6 (4!"' 4 N ' #= ?'- 6$ EB 8=$S"EB 5 ?c( $ M 4'V, $ 4!5 6EB, '?- [ (4!"EB ?'3=9S' $ M V'='W. > ='4 5E[ $ 6E-

5$( 'M 4'B =$?'S B, ' (=96W B #4$& "$ b='" $V :=$M3$"5 'B 6'B"E, 4 EW [$9 &3'='6!(8 3(6 A$,'54$""$9 & A(" =$ =$554(3'6$ !, 'S(8 6E 5 6$M- "'B ='3 A $ $5 ='b S(5 $3$( . :(=' - 5 $M(8, b$?= S"E( =$?'S ( - '3'?=$"E $ , S '?E ='3(8'"-

5= ='6$ ! 65( ' (" '88 " 5 S(5 'B 5'&"$ (4!"'-

5: '3" & " V - 5 'B (, S(5 "E( =($4 5 E, 3= # (

?(=(M"' V=$"9 $89 ! ' (=6EV #'3$V 5'6( 5 'B 64$- 5 , =( ! - "('?=$&'6$""E( "(' E "E( 8'4'3E( 4Z-

3 5 &=93"'B ?'4!W(6 5 5 'B

" A (B. j $ (4!

54(3

&$ 3(B5 6 (8 3 $4'#'8, E $( 59 4'6 ! '

4 "'B "$8( '"9 !, ' & " V 5 =("(", $ '

5 =E6$( 8=$S" Z $B" . CZM(

5# [$( 59, '#3$ "$-

5 $(

4!8 "$A 9 5 4!"$9

8'4S$4 6$9 3(6 W $

5=E6$(

5 "(#'399 8$5 , 8E '?"$= M 6$(8 ', S ' M(

'3'&=(6$4 : S(4'6( , '3=E6$Z[ B =$?' &$6'3$, - "( 4Z#$6EB 'M 4'B =$?'S B, '6(= $Z[ B 8$= 5 5 - 5 ( 54'6(S , ?4$#'54'6 :'5 '3! (#' 8(4 Z ?4$#'"$- 8(=("" Z 3 W , "' 4'6 B, =$&69&"EB 8$4EB, V'='W''3 '6$""EB 6 8$= 5 &8(, 5 =$W"$9 (#' $B"$ &$ 4Z- S$( 59 6 '8, S ' &(" (#' 8$S(V ?E4 4(89"" '8 $-$4 5 $. d 6 3(4 'V'M ( "$A 5 5 ( ='8$"E, '4! ' "( 5 4$55'6E8, $ 5 =$5'6E8 '3V'3'8. <='8( 5ZM( "'- #' 5V'35 6$ 5 5$8E8 W$?4'""E8 3( ( 6$8 '?=$ ( 6" 8$" ( "$ « 5(63'=(4 # '&"EB» 8'8(" . \$4("! B'M 4'B =$?'S B, ' '=EB ' $&E6$( 59 '4'M (4!"E8 #(='(8, - ='3 "( = 5 'B"'B $='3 : "( 54 W '8 5''?- =$& (4!"EB, "' 5 4!"EB 3 V'8 6(='B, '" "$54(3 ( k$=5 6' 7(?(5"'(, '#3$ $ ?4(5 9[ B b$= 5(B ' -=$64(" 6 «5'65(8 3= #'( 8(5 '». %5'?(""' &$?$6"' 6'3'?"EV '?5 '9 (4!5 6$V &6 S 4Z?'6"$9 (8$. R(=(- 3' 8"'B 36$ = 8(=$, 6E?=$""EV "$ #$3. R(=6EB - ' -

16

=E6' & ='8$"$ ;" '"'6$ «Y'4!W'( 5(=3A(», 6E - [(""'#' M ="$4!"E8 '3$S$8 6 1957 #.:

%4!#$ 8'4S$4$.

-%, - 5 $&$4 >4$3 8 =, - 'S(8 E "( 8'M(W! 4Z? ! 8("9 $ M(, $ 9 4Z?4Z (?9?

-d 4Z?4Z 8'Z X'3 " ! - ' 6( 4$ '"$.

-d 'M(! - 6'5 4 " 4 '".

-7' (5 ! S '- ', S ' 9 4Z?4Z ([( ?'4!W(, - ='3'4M$4$ %4!#$, 6E56'?'M3$95! & (#' '?c9 B.

-2 N '?.. - ' " (=(5'6$459 '".

%4!#$ 61" 4$ "$ "(#' 95"E8 #'4 ?E8 #4$&$8 ?E5 =' ' - 6( 4$: «R$= 9».

i= #'B = 8(= 6&9 & ='8$"$ :4$3 '6$ «a"(=# 9».

\'4'3'B =$?'S B 26$" 5M$4 3=(4!. R'S 65 6'6$6 = -'5"'6(" ( 8( $44$, '" = W(4 6 6'&? M3(" (, '5 - =EB V'4'3' ='?(M$4 ' (#' (4 . %#4 W$Z[ B =(6 ' ?='5 4 ' "(#' C'"Z. %"$ '4'M 4$ = (8 "$ 4(S'' =( $4$ 6'4'5E &$ V'8... %"$ #493(4$ "$ "(#', 8$4("! $9 ( $ 5 6E? 6W 8 59 3=9W $8 "( 3(=- M 8' = 9# 6$4$ (#' "(B. <$&$4'5!, '?' V 8'4'3EV 4Z3(B 3$= 4' ' '8 6 '3 " ' M( 8'8(" . %" #4 ?'-' 6&3'V" 4 ([( 5 4!"(( 5M$4 "5 = 8(" .

d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

17

56' 8 5'?=$ !98 &$ #=$" A(B. g#' 5'?=$ !9 - N ' 'S("! 6$M"', ?' $ 65(8 ="$9 5(8!9 $4$" 4 6EV - 5$ (4(B (=(W$# 6$( S(=(& "$A '"$4!"E( ?$=!(=E, $ M( '3$=(""EB S $ (4! - #=$M3$" " 8 =$, "( '3S - "9Z[ B59 ='5 =$"5 6(""E8 6=(8(""E8 &$ '"$8. a ' '" - 8"EB, #(" $4!"EB S $ (4! - 6"'6! 6"'6! 5 $5$- ( V 3'M" $ ' # ?(4!"'B 64$5 8 (=$ '='6, 3 $- '='6, 569[("" '6, = $", '?E6$ (4(B, '4 S(- 5 V 8'=$4 5 '6, '4 A(B5 V, 'S '6EV 54 M$[ V =(&'"(='6. R'&6'4! ( 8"( "$?='5$ ! '= =( N '#' =(-=$5"'#' S $ (49. %" "( = "$34(M " '3"'B ' =(- 3(4(""'B "$A 4 4$55 . 7 '3 " '?[(5 6(""EB "$3- & =$ (4! 4 4 ? ? ?4 'b 4'6 "( 8'M( =$5 '=9M$ !- 59 (#' 3 W'B. g#' 4 (=$ ="E( 6 5E "( ='3 '6$"E (8 Z"'W(5 8 S 65 6$8 , ' '=E( &$5 $649Z =93'- 6'#' S $ (49 ' 'M3(5 649 ! 5(?9 5 (8 4 "E8 (=- 5'"$M(8 « =' 5 $ ! ' 5$" 9». j B, &$54 M - 6$Z[ B 6'5V [(" 9 S $ (4! ' 'M3(5 649( 5(?9 "( 5 3(6 W 'B 4 Z"'W(B 6 " #(, $ 5 (8, ' &$3 8$4 5'S " 4 ((. 7$5 '9[ B S $ (4! "( [( 56(3(" B ' X'55 6 = 55 '8 ='8$"(, '" 8$9, S ' X'55 9 D'45 '#'4 j(V'6$ - N ' "( 5=(3"(""$9 5 '= S(5 $9 X'55 9, "' '5'?EB 8 =, 5'&3$""EB 6''?=$M(" (8 #(" 9. 7$- 5 '9[ B S $ (4! "( " (=(5 ( 59 ?'4!W 8 3(98 : (#' " (=(5 Z S$5 "'5 . g8 "=$6 59 " #$ "( ' '- 8 , S ' '"$ '8'#$( (8 '?=(5 «569&! 5 '?[(5 6'8» ((54 = ?(#" ! S 3'6 ["'8 W $8 = '6 ='- #=(55 6"'B W '4E), $ ' '8 , S ' '" 6 E6$( 6'5-= " 8$( $M3 Z 3( $4! ( 5 $, 6'5V [$( 59 (8, S(8 V' (4 '=$& ! (#' $6 '=, 5 9( ' & 8 (4!"EV '?=$- &'6, 5'&3$""EV 5'S " (4(8, 8$#'8, 3(5" '8, V 3'M- " '8. >' 5 " 4 SW B #(='B, ' '='#' 5'&3$( 6(4 -B V 3'M" - N ' (#' S $ (4!.

d ?='5$Z 5(" 8(" $4!"EB 6ǭ 6 ='W4'(, 5 $=EB = 55 B S $ (4! 6 3 59 8"( $ 8 M( 3($4!"E8 S - $ (4(8, $ = 55 B 5$ (4! ='W4'#' 6( $ "$65(#3$ '5 $"( 59 3($4'8 349 "'5 =$""EV $6 '='6. g#' S 3(5- "EB ! "$S "$( 59 6 5$8'8 "(M"'8 6'&=$5 (, '" ' - 3$( 56'( 5(=3A( D'45 '8 4 j(V'6 ([( 6 3( 5 'B,'#3$ "9"9, ' ? =$9 "(#' «;"" <$=(" " », = #'6$- = 6$( : «i$B- $ 9 (?( =$55 $M 56' 8 54'6$8 ». e'- ='W B S $ (4! 5E&3( 5 6$ S 59 '5 (=(#$ !59 (=(6'-

18

3S '6, =(&$""EV W(3(6='6, 3 ' 5 V b 4!8'6 ' ?=$ !9V <$=(" "EV, 659S(5 '#' ' 6'=5 6$ 4(" 998 S( 6(= '6$" 9 #(" (6. 2 "$ '"(A, 6' S ' 8"( V' (4'5! ?E '3S(= " ! ([( =$&: "( "$3' 5 $ ! «&$#$3'S"'B = 55 'B 3 W » 6 = 55 '8 ='8$"(. i$6$B ( 5 $ ! 6 "(8"3 6 3 $4!"EB #(" B. C8' = ( "$ W(3(6=, $ "( "$ =$8 "( "$ 4 A$ 3= # V 4Z3(B, =$ǭE6$Z[ V N =$8 .

X 55 B S $ (4! 5 $='B ='56([(""'B X'55 , '"(S"', #'=3 459 R W "E8 :'#'4(8, "' '" $ M( #'=3 459 l( 5 ='8 i$" (, Y'34(='8 a3#$='8 R', O4'?(='8

:'8(='8, 6 N '8 &$ 4ZS$4$5! (#' 5 4$. f 8("9 (5 ! 4 S"EB " (=(5 6 N '8 6' ='5(; 6(3! (54 ?E 8' =(3-"( ?E4 V'='W 8 S $ (498 , 9 6=93 4 5 '94 ?E 5(#'3"9 (=(3 6$8 , #'6'=9 "$ S M'8 9&E (. d ?(M3(", S ' 4 (=$ =$ "( 5S(= E6$( 59 '"9 98 V'='W(B" # V'='W(#' S $ (49, "' 65(#3$ 4 SW( 3 =98'

5 , ( 5 , 5 'S" , #4$6"'8 - '4! ' '- '8 =$&6 6$ ! ('= , ' '=E( 8'# 5'?4$&" ! b 4'-

5'b$ 4 5 '= $ 4 ' ='5 = B 5! ' 36'= . j - $ (4 ='M3$Z 59 56'?'3"E8 3'4M"E 56'?'3"E8 '5 $6$ !59. 7(?'4!W'( 5 V' 6'=(" ( R W "$, ' '- =E8 9 &$6(=W$Z N ' =$'6'=, ' "'5 59 "( '4! ''N $8, "' (8, ' V 4Z? :

7( 3'='#' A("Z 9 #='8 ( =$6$,

% ' V "( '3"$ = M 59 #'4'6$. d "( =' [ ' '8, S ' ' $&$4 ?'#

\"( 6 54$3 'B S$5 '5 '= 6$ ! "$4'# 24 8(W$ ! A$=98 3= # 5 3= #'8 6'(6$ !;

2 8$4' #'=9 8"(, 56'?'3"' 4 (S$ ! \'='S '4 V'6 4! S $9 A("& =$

> M ="$4!"EV &$8E54$V 5 (5"9( ?$4$# =$.

>5( N ', 6 3 ( 4!, 54'6$, 54'6$, 54'6$.

2"E(, 4 SW (, 8"( 3'='# =$6$;

19

2"$9, 4 SW$9, ' =(?"$ 8"( 56'?'3$:

^$6 5( ! ' A$=9, &$6 5( ! ' "$='3$ -

7( 65( 4 "$8 =$6"'? Y'# 5 " 8 . 7 '8 % S( $ "( 3$6$ !, 5(?( 4 W! 5$8'8

C4 M ! #'M3$ !; 349 64$5 , 349 4 6=( 7( #" ! " 5'6(5 , " '8E54'6, " W( ;

R' = V' 56'(B 5 $ !59 &3(5! $8, i 695! ?'M(5 6(""E8 = ='3E =$5' $8 2 =(3 5'&3$"!98 5 55 6 63'V"'6("!9 D=( ([$ =$3'5 "' 6 6'5 '=#$V 8 4("!9.

>' 5S$5 !(! 6' =$6$...

1809 - 1852

7( , 9 ?'4!W( "( 8(Z 5 4 (= ( !! Y'M(! j ' '" 3(- 4$Z 5' 8"'Z! %" 4!Z 8"( "$ #'4'6 V'4'3" Z 6'3 ! %" "( 6"(84Z , "( 6 39 , "( 54 W$Z 8("9. j ' 9 53(- 4$4 8? ^$ S ' '" 8 S$ 8("9? j(#' V' 9 '" ' 8("9, ?(3"'#'? j ' 8'# 3$ ! 9 8? d " S(#' "( 8(Z. d "( 6 5 4$V, 9 "( 8'# 6E"(5 65(V 8 V, #'4'6$ #'= 8'9,65( = M 59 =(3' 8"'Z. C $5 ( 8("9! 6'&!8 ( 8(- "9! 3$B ( 8"( ='B ?E5 =EV, $ 6 V'=!, '"(B! C$- 3 5!, 8'B 98[ , &6(" , 8'B '4' '4!S , 6&6(B (59,'" , "(5 ( 8("9 5 N '#' 56( $! i$4((, 3$4((, S '?E

20