- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •«Англійська мова»
- •Тернопіль
- •Передмова
- •Content
- •I. Read the text. Be ready to discuss it.
- •My Speciality
- •Vocabulary notes
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Insert prepositions wherever necessary.
- •IV. Complete the sentences.
- •V. Find proper English equivalents.
- •VI. Translate into English.
- •VII. Make your own report on your speciality.
- •I. Read the text. Find proper Ukrainian equivalents to the words in bold.
- •Cooperative Learning
- •II. Find out if the following statements to the text a are true or false.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.
- •IV. Topics for discussion:
- •V. Read and translate into Ukrainian the text.
- •What is Computer Hardware?
- •VI. Put all types of questions to the proposed sentences.
- •VII. Make up sentences using the following Predicates.
- •X. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •XI. Put the words into the right order.
- •XV. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XV. Translate the text into English.
- •Основніпринципи
- •I. Read the text. Find proper Ukrainian equivalents to the words in bold.
- •Death of the Classroom. The New Wave of Online Education
- •II. Find out if the following statements to the text a are true or false.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.
- •IV. Topics for discussion.
- •V. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Put ten questions to the text. Render it in English. Give the title to the text.
- •VII. Translate the paragraph. Decipher all abbreviations in written form.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Predicates.
- •X. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •XI. Translate the text into English.
- •Будова сучасного комп'ютера
- •I. Read the title and subtitles of the text and predict what the text is about. Scan the text and say if you were a success in guessing the content of it.
- •Historical perspective
- •First-Generation Computers
- •Second-Generation Computers
- •Third-Generation Computers
- •Fourth-Generation Computers
- •Future Generations of Computers
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Match the electrical device with the computer generation.
- •IV. Topics for discussion.
- •V. Find proper English terms to the following explanations:
- •Basic structure
- •VI. Translate the sentences. Explain the usage of Predicates in Passive.
- •VII. Put the words into the right order.
- •VIII. Translate the text in written form. Annotate it in English.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions below.
- •The role of Technology
- •II. Find out if the following statements to the text a are true or false.
- •III. Make a dialogue with your partner on how you benefit by the computer. Use the following statements.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Put ten questions to it and decipher all abbreviations used in this text. Render the text in English.
- •What is a Modem?
- •V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Predicates and define their tense forms.
- •VI. Put the verb to be in the required tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Text c
- •Internal Modems: Manual configuration
- •XI. Put the words into the right order.
- •XII. Translate the text into English in written form.
- •Text d Модем
- •I. Read the text carefully and answer the questions below. Explain the words in bold.
- •II. Explain in your own words what the phrase 'this shared delusion' describes?
- •III. Fill in the gap with the correct word derived from the words in brackets.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Put ten questions to the text. Render it in English. Text b
- •V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Predicates and define their tense forms.
- •VI. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •VIII. Put the words into the right order.
- •IX. Put questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •X. Translate the text into English.
- •Материнська плата
- •I. Read the text and explain the words in bold.
- •Modem technology – the pace of change
- •II. What does the writer say about Computer World magazine?
- •III. Which of these phrases are used without sarcasm by the writer?
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the correct word derived from the words in brackets.
- •V. What does the writer imply about the term 'information revolution'?
- •VIII. Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense forms and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IX. Put the words into the right order.
- •X. Put questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •XI. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian.
- •XII. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.
- •XIII. Translate the text and define functions of Predicates. Put questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •XIV. Translate the text into English.
- •Вбудовані програми і bios
- •I. Read the following paragraph, which is from an essay about the Internet. Ignore the underlining for the moment. Is the tone of the paragraph:
- •II. Fill in the gaps with the correct words derived from the words in brackets.
- •III. Read and translate the text. Try to annotate it in English.
- •V. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use of Participles. Put the verbs in brackets in a proper tense form.
- •VI. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.
- •VII. Translate the text and define the functions of Predicates. Try to annotate the text in Ukrainian. Put all types of questions to the underlined sentences. Text b
- •VIII. Put the words into the right order.
- •IX. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •Дискета
- •I. Read the text and explain the words in bold. Answer the question below.
- •Web development as an industry
- •II. Find out if the following statements to the text a are true or false.
- •III. Fill in the gaps in the following text with one suitable word.
- •Big Brother is watching you
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Try to annotate it in Ukrainian.
- •V. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.
- •Floppy disk
- •VII. Translate the text into English.
- •Твердий диск
- •Конструкція
- •I. Read and translate the following text. Give a brief history of the beginning of computers development. Present it in a written form. Answer the questions below the text. The first hackers
- •II. Read and translate the text. Put all types of questions to the underlined sentences.
- •Liquid crystal displays
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences. Define the tense and voice of the Predicates.
- •IV. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •V. Put the words into the right order.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. Define the Predicates and explain their usage. Try to annotate the text in Ukrainian. Text c
- •Dstn displays
- •VII. Put ten questions to the text c. Decipher all abbreviations from the text.
- •VIII. Put the words into the right order.
- •IX. Translate the following text. Annotate it in English.
- •I. Read and translate the following text. Give a brief history of computers development. Present it in written form. Answer the questions below the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Give the title to it. Render the text in English. Decipher all abbreviations used in the text in written form. Put all types of questions to the underlined sentences.
- •III. Put the words into the right order.
- •IV. Choose the correct tense of the verbs.
- •V. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian. Explain the use of underlined Predicates in Passive voice. Text c
- •VI. Translate into English.
- •VII. True or false?
- •VIII. Translate the text into English.
- •I. Read and translate the following text. Give a brief history of computers development. Present it in a written form. Answer the questions below the text.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Put ten questions to the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian. Text b
- •III. Complete the sentences.
- •V. Find proper English-Ukrainian equivalents.
- •VI. Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.
- •VII. Complete the article. Use but, although or however.
- •VIII. Translate the text into English.
- •I. Using the material of the text make up the advertisement inviting people to use the Internet. Be ready to speak about the role of the Internet in the modern life, in your life.
- •Internet and modern life
- •II. Find proper Ukrainian equivalents to the proposed words.
- •VI. Complete the sentences.
- •VI. Translate the text into English.
- •Text c Клавіатура
- •I. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Say in what way this text is connected with the text a of a previous lesson.
- •The future of the Internet
- •II. Find proper Ukrainian equivalents to the proposed words.
- •VII. Put the verbs in brackets in a proper tense form.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text. Annotate it in Ukrainian. Text c
- •IX. Write the verbs in brackets in a proper tense form.
- •X. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •XI. Put the words into the right order.
- •XII. Translate the text into English.
- •Принтер
- •Shopping on the Internet
- •III. Put the words in brackets in the correct tense form.
- •IV. Put the words into the right order.
- •V. Read and translate the text:
- •Colour scanners
- •VII. Ask questions to which the following sentences would be the answers.
- •VIII. Translate the text into English.
- •Сканер (зчитувач) Історія
- •Принцип дії
- •I. Read and translate the newspaper article. For question 1-5, choose the right answer a, b, c or d. Explain the words in bold.
- •Citizens 2050
- •II. Match the numbers to the letters.
- •V. Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.
- •VI. Read and translate the text.
- •Комп'ютерна миша
- •Supplementary texts
- •Fields of computer science
- •Relationship with other fields
- •Computer science education
- •Printer
- •Instruction
- •The Central Processing Unit
- •Web browser
- •Function
- •Features
- •Main memory
- •Fast page mode dram
- •Extended data out dram
- •Burst Extended Data Out dram
Main memory
A PC's third and principal level of system memory is referred to as main memory, or Random Access Memory (RAM). It is an impermanent source of data, but is the main memory area accessed by the hard disk. It acts, so to speak, as a staging post between the hard disk and the processor. The more data it is possible to have available in the RAM the faster the PC will run.
Main memory is attached to the processor via its address and data buses. Each bus consists of a number of electrical circuits or bits. The width of the address bus dictates how many different memory locations can be accessed and the width of the data bus how much information is stored at each location. Every time a bit is added to the width of the address bus, the address range doubles. In 1985, Intel's 386 processor had a 32-bit address bus, enabling it to access up to 4GB of memory. The Pentium processor - introduced in 1993 - increased the data bus width to 64-bits, enabling it to access 8 bytes of data at a time.
Each transaction between the CPU and memory is called a bus cycle. The number of data bits a CPU is able to transfer during a single bus cycle affects a computer's performance and dictates what type of memory the computer requires. By the late 1990s, most desktop computers were using 168-pin DIMMs, which supported 64-bit data paths.
Main memory is built up using DRAM chips, short for Dynamic RAM.
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DRAM
DRAM chips are large, rectangular arrays of memory cells with support logic that is used for reading and writing data in the arrays, and refresh circuitry to maintain the integrity of stored data. Memory arrays are arranged in rows and columns of memory cells called wordlines and bitlines, respectively. Each memory cell has a unique location or address defined by the intersection of a row and a column.
DRAM is manufactured using a similar process to how processors are: a silicon substrate is etched with the patterns that make the transistors and capacitors (and support structures) that comprise each bit. It costs much less than a processor because it is a series of simple, repeated structures, so there isn't the complexity of making a single chip with several million individually-located transistors and DRAM is cheaper than SRAM and uses half as many transistors. Over the years, several different structures have been used to create the memory cells on a chip, and in today's technologies the support circuitry generally includes:
sense amplifiers to amplify the signal or charge detected on a memory cell
address logic to select rows and columns
Row Address Select (/RAS) and Column Address Select (/CAS) logic to latch and resolve the row and column addresses and to initiate and terminate read and write operations
read and write circuitry to store information in the memory's cells or read that which is stored there
internal counters or registers to keep track of the refresh sequence, or to initiate refresh cycles as needed
Output Enable logic to prevent data from appearing at the outputs unless specifically desired.
A transistor is effectively a switch which can control the flow of current - either on, or off. In DRAM, each transistor holds a single bit: if the transistor is "open", and the current can flow, that's a 1; if it's closed, it's a 0. A capacitor is used to hold the charge, but it soon escapes, losing the data. To overcome this problem, other circuitry refreshes the memory, reading the value before it disappears completely, and writing back a pristine version. This refreshing action is why the memory is called dynamic. The refresh speed is expressed in nanoseconds (ns) and it is this figure that represents the "speed" of the RAM. Most Pentium-based PCs use 60 or 70ns RAM.
The process of refreshing actually interrupts/slows down the accessing of the data but clever cache design minimises this. However, as processor speeds passed the 200MHz mark, no amount of caching could compensate for the inherent slowness of DRAM and other, faster memory technologies have largely superseded it.
The most difficult aspect of working with DRAM devices is resolving the timing requirements. DRAMs are generally asynchronous, responding to input signals whenever they occur. As long as the signals are applied in the proper sequence, with signal durations and delays between signals that meet the specified limits, the DRAM will work properly. These are few in number, comprising:
Row Address Select: The /RAS circuitry is used to latch the row address and to initiate the memory cycle. It is required at the beginning of every operation. /RAS is active low; that is, to enable /RAS, a transition from a high voltage to a low voltage level is required. The voltage must remain low until /RAS is no longer needed. During a complete memory cycle, there is a minimum amount of time that /RAS must be active, and a minimum amount of time that /RAS must be inactive, called the /RAS precharge time. /RAS may also be used to trigger a refresh cycle (/RAS Only Refresh, or ROR).
Column Address Select: /CAS is used to latch the column address and to initiate the read or write operation. /CAS may also be used to trigger a /CAS before /RAS refresh cycle. This refresh cycle requires /CAS to be active prior to /RAS and to remain active for a specified time. It is active low. The memory specification lists the minimum amount of time /CAS must remain active to initiate a read or write operation. For most memory operations, there is also a minimum amount of time that /CAS must be inactive, called the /CAS precharge time. (An ROR cycle does not require /CAS to be active.)
Address: The addresses are used to select a memory location on the chip. The address pins on a memory device are used for both row and column address selection (multiplexing). The number of addresses depends on the memory's size and organisation. The voltage level present at each address at the time that /RAS or /CAS goes active determines the row or column address, respectively, that is selected. To ensure that the row or column address selected is the one that was intended, set up and hold times with respect to the /RAS and /CAS transitions to a low level are specified in the DRAM timing specification.
Write Enable: The /WE signal is used to choose a read operation or a write operation. A low voltage level signifies that a write operation is desired; a high voltage level is used to choose a read operation. The operation to be performed is usually determined by the voltage level on /WE when /CAS goes low (Delayed Write is an exception). To ensure that the correct operation is selected, set up and hold times with respect to /CAS are specified in the DRAM timing specification.
Output Enable: During a read operation, this control signal is used to prevent data from appearing at the output until needed. When /OE is low, data appears at the data outputs as soon as it is available. /OE is ignored during a write operation. In many applications, the /OE pin is grounded and is not used to control the DRAM timing.
Data In or Out: The DQ pins (also called Input/Output pins or I/Os) on the memory device are used for input and output. During a write operation, a voltage (high=1, low=0) is applied to the DQ. This voltage is translated into the appropriate signal and stored in the selected memory cell. During a read operation, data read from the selected memory cell appears at the DQ once access is complete and the output is enabled (/OE low). At most other times, the DQs are in a high impedance state; they do not source or sink any current, and do not present a signal to the system. This also prevents DQ contention when two or more devices share the data bus.
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