Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

șȓțȟȈȍ, ȍșȓȐ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȖȑ ȐȔ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ. ǿȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȖȚȒȓȖȕȍȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȒȖȔȗȍȕșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ»1. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȒȖȔȗȍȕșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ.

ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ Ȓ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȔ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȏȈȊȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȚțȗȐȒ, ȌȍȓȈȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ, ȍșȓȐ ȗȖȌ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈ, ȞȍȓȐ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȍȗȖȓȕȣ. ǶȕȐ ȕȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȎȍșȚȒȖȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȈ, ȟȍȔ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȍ ȧȌȘȖ2. Ǭȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ, ȊȈȎȕȣȔȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȌȊȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ: ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖșȚȐ (principle of modularity), ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȕȐȎȍ, Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ (principles of horizontal and vertical emergence).

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȣ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȚȤ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȦ șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȍȔȣȍ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȔȖȌțȓȐ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȧ șȊȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȓ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȍ Ȋșȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔȖȑ, ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȤȦ (ȔȖȌțȓȍȔ). ȅȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ, ȕȖ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍșȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȔȖȌțȓȐ, Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ, ȟȍȔ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ. Ǫ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȖȋȖ Ȑ ȕȍȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȟȍȋȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȐȓȐ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȉȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȚ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ, ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȑ ȕȐȎȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ țȘȖȊȕȐ ȈȋȘȍȋȈȞȐȐ (ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȍ țȘȖȊȕȐ), Ȉ ȕȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȚȖȎȍ șȓȖȎȕȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȐȔ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȧȔ ȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȖȋȖ

1 Beer, Stafford Anthony. Cybernetics and Management. London: English University Press, 1959;

Beer, Stafford Anthony. Brain of the Firm: The Managerial Cybernetics of Organization. Chichester, New-York: J. Wiley, 1981.

2 Richardson Kurt A. “Systems theory and complexity: Part 2,” Emergence: Complexity & Organization, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2004, pp. 77-82; p. 77. 12 January 2011. <http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/ECO/ECO_other/Issue_6_4_8_FM.pdf>.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ. ǰ ȊȕȖȊȤ, ȝȖȚȧ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ țȘȖȊȕȧȔȐ/ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈȔȐ, ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșș țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȚȐ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ (ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ)1.

7. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ

ǹȒțȚȚȕȍȘ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ (hierarchy principle) șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «ǹȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȣ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑȏ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ»2. ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȒȓȍȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȈȔ ǬȎȍȑȔș ǽȈȕșȍȕ (James Hansen) Ȑ ǬȎȍȑȔș DzȘȈȚȟȜȐȓȌ (James Crutchfield) ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȚȕȈȧ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȈ Ȓ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔț ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȕȐȦ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕțȦ șȐșȚȍȔȕțȦ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȦ3. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȓȍȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȈ ȕȈ ȔȐȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ «ȔȐȒȘȖȜȐȏȐȒȈ», ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȦȡȈȧ șȊȖȐȔ «ȔȐȒȘȖȧȏȣȒȖȔ», Ȉ Ȍȓȧ ȔȈȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȧ – «ȔȈȒȘȖȜȐȏȐȒȈ» Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȔȈȒȘȖȧȏȣȒ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȈȓȜȈȊȐȚ ȔȐȒȘȖȧȏȣȒȈ, ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȣȑ ȗȖȘȖȑ «ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ», ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȊȈ șȐȔȊȖȓȈ «0» Ȑ «1», ȚȖ ȔȈȒȘȖȧȏȣȒ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȈȓȜȈȊȐȚ4. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȐȏȖȔȖȘȜȕȖȍ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȔȐȒȘȖ/ȔȈȒȘȖ ȧȏȣȒȖȊ (ȜȐȏȐȒ) ȌȘțȋ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȈ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ șȗȖșȖȉ ȚȘȈȕșȓȧȞȐȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȚȍȘȐ «șȔȣșȓȈ» ȐȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ.

ǽȈȕșȍȕ Ȑ DzȘȈȚȟȜȐȓȌ șȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȤ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȊȣȠȍșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȒȓȍȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȔȈȚȈ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȝȕȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȗȐșȈȕ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȕȐȎȕȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ. ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ «ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ» țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȝ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȖȊ, ȥȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ ȗȖȟȊț Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȓȧȚȐȊȐȏȔȈ. Ǫ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȔȣȍ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȣ, ȕȖ ȐȋȘȈȦȚ ȊȈȎȕțȦ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ șȈȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȧ Ȓ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȦ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȍȑ, ȊȘȖȎȌȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ (intrinsic emergence)5. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȊȣȌȍ-

1 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 2, pp. 77-78. 2 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

3 Hansen, James. E. and James P. Crutchfield. “Computational mechanics of cellular automata: An example,” Physica D, 103(1-4), 1997, pp. 169-189.

4 Ronald, Edmund M.A., Moshe Sipper, and Mathieu S. Capcarrére “Testing for emergence in artificial life,” in D. Floreano, J. -D. Nicoud, and F. Mondad (eds.). ECAL 99, Vol. 1674 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin: Springer, 1999, pp. 13-20.

5 Crutchfield, J. P. “Is anything ever new? Considering emergence,” in G. A. Cowan, D. Pines and D. Meltzer (eds.).

Complexity: Metaphors, Models, and Reality, Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books 1999. 12 January 2011. <http://cse.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/papers/EverNew.pdf>.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȓȧȍȔȈȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ Ȑ «ȐȏȊȐȓȐșȚȣȔ» ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȔ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ «ȔȍȝȈȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ» șȉȖȘȒȐ ȔȖȌțȓȍȑ ȕȐȎȕȍȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ.

8. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖșȚȐ

ǻȋȖ ǩȈșȚȖȓȓȈ (Ugo Bastolla) Ȑ ǬȎȖȘȌȎȐȖ ǷȈȘȐȏȐ (Giorgio Parisi) ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȐ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȚȍȕȣ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȈ (walls of constancy), ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȈȚȘțȌȕȍȕ ȗȘȖȝȖȌ șȐȋȕȈȓȖȊ. ǹȐșȚȍȔȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȔȖȌțȓȐ, Ȉ «șȗȖȕȚȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȍȚȧȝ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȝ șȊȖȑșȚȊ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȐșȚȍȔ»1. Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȋȖȌȣ șȍȚȍȊȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȟȍȚȣȘȍȝ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȝ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȑ șȍȚȍȑ: țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ (ordered), ȔȈȓȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ (small world), ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȖ-ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ (scale-free) Ȑ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȝ (random)2. ǰȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ȔȈȓȣȝ șȍȚȍȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖ, ȟȚȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȐȔ ȚȐȗȖȔ șȍȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȕȐȝ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȔȖȌțȓȤȕȣȑ, ș ȘȖșȚȖȔ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȖȊ șȍȚȐ ȘȈșȚȍȚ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȔȖȌțȓȍȑ, Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȐȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȌțȓȧ țȔȍȕȤȠȈȍȚșȧ3.

ǽȖȚȧ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȔȖȌțȓȍȑ ȔȈȓȖȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ, ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȊȈȎȕțȦ ȘȖȓȤ. ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ (ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȣȝ), Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ (ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȝ) șȚȘțȒȚțȘ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȔȈȕȐȗțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ (Ȋ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈȝ) ȚȈȒȐȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ. ǼțȕȒȞȐȐ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ (ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ) ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȝȖȚȧ ȏȌȍșȤ ȖȕȐ ȘȈșȞȍȕȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȈȕȍșȐșȚȍȔȕȖȑȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐȐȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ.

9. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ (redundancy of resources principle) ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘțȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «ǶȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ șȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ»4. ǺȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȋȖȘȧȟȍȍ ȘȍȏȍȘȊȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȚȖȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȗȐȐ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ (ȔȖȌțȓȍȑ), ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȤȕȖ ș ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔȐ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕ-

1 Bastolla, Ugo and Giorgio Parisi. “The modular structure of Kauffman networks,” Physica D, Vol. 115, 1998, pp. 219-233.

2 Barabási, Albert-László. Linked: The New Science of Networks. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2002. 3 Bastolla, and Parisi, The modular structure of Kauffman networks.

4 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

43

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȕȣȔ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȔ «80/20». Ǫ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȉțȜȍȘȕȣȝ țȏȓȖȊ (redundant buffer nodes) șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȔȍȘ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȗȖȕȐȎȈȍȚ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ șȔȖȋțȚ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ țȟȈșȚȒȐ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ, ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ ȜȈȏȖȊȣȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȑȕȍȘȖȊ (containers), Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ.

Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȚȕȣȝ ȔȖȌțȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȈȘȧȌț ș ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȔȐ șȊȧȏȧȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȐȌȖȊ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȔ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȎȐȊțȟȍșȚȤ Ȑ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȊȧȏȈȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ ș ȚȍȖȘȍȔȖȑ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ (redundancy of information theorem), ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȋȓȈșȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȖȠȐȉȒȐ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟȍ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȣ (ș ȓȦȉȖȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȔȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȤȦ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȖșȚȐ) ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ șȖȖȉȡȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȌȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȐȋȕȈȓȖȊ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȒȈȕȈȓȖȊ șȊȧȏȐ, ȗȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟȈ1.

10. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȖȒȈ

ǬȈȎȍ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ, ȒȈȒ «șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȍ ȖȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ»2, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ș ȕȈțȒȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȐȔȍȍȚ ȥȒȊȐȊȈȓȍȕȚ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǹȓȖȊȈȘȤ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ dzȖȕȌȖȕșȒȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȒȐ (London School of Economics's Complexity Lexicon) ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ, ȌȈȓȍȒȐȍ ȖȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ, șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «DzȖȋȌȈ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ, ȌȈȓȍȒȖȔ ȖȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȣ ȥȒșȗȍȘȐȔȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȍ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ, Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ ȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ»3. «ǵȖȊȣȍ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ» ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȦȚ ȌȐșșȐȗȈȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȔȐ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȔȐ, ȘȈșȝȖȌțȦȡȐȔȐ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȦ, ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȥȕȍȘȋȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȚȖȒ, ȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȡȐȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ șȘȍȌȣ4. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ș ȌȐșșȐȗȈȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȈȔȐ – ȥȚȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȒȈȒ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔ, ȥȕȍȘȋȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ șȖ șȘȍȌȖȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșȝȖȌȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡțȦșȧ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ șȘȍȌȣ.

1 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 96.

2 Prigogine, Ilya. The end of certainty:Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature. New York: The Free Press, 1997. 3 London School of Economics's (LSE). “Complexity Lexicon,” 2005. 12 January 2011. http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/complexity/lexicon.htm.

4 Nicolis, Gregoire and Ilya Prigogine. Exploring Complexity: An Introduction. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1989.

44

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ǫ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ ȥȒȊȐȊȈȓȍȕȚȖȔ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȝ ȖȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȑ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȘȍȎȐȔ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȈ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȗȖȚȖȒȈ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ ȗȓȖȚȕȖșȚȐ (ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ) (high-flux principle)1, ȋȓȈșȧȡȐȑ: «ǿȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȗȖȚȖȒ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȐșȚȍȔț, ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȐȞț ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȍȔ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȐ Ȋșȍ ȘȍșțȘșȣ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ șȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȝȖȚȧ ȉȣ ȟȈșȚȐ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȌȖ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ»2.

ǰȔȍȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȒȈșȈȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȘȖȓȐ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ Ȋ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǺȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȥȕȍȘȋȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȉȔȍȕ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț «șȐșȚȍȔȈ-șȘȍȌȈ» ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ șȐșȚȍȔȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ șȊȖȐȝ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȋ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ ȗȘȐ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ șȘȍȌȣ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȋ ȜȖȒțșȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. Ǫ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȜȖȒțș șȔȍȡȍȕ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȈȓ ȥȕȍȘȋȐȐ «șȐșȚȍ- ȔȈ-șȘȍȌȈ» ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕ Ȍȓȧ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ șȘȍȌȣ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȏȈȌȈȟ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ, ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȒȈȟȒȈ3.

11. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ

ǹȒțȚȚȕȍȘ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ (sub-optimization principle) șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «ǭșȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȈ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖ, ȉțȌȍȚ șȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ ȚȈȒ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȚȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ»4. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȋȖ: «ǭșȓȐ ȞȍȓȖȍ ȉțȌȍȚ șȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȚȈȒ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ș ȔȈȒșȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤȦ». ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȓțȎȐȚ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȟȈșȚȐ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȖȚ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ șȘȍȌȣ, ȊȍȌțȚ șȍȉȧ ȗȖ-ȌȘțȋȖȔț, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȊȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȐ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ ș ȖȗȖȘȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ «șȕȐȏțȊȊȍȘȝ» (bottom-up approach), ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȐȘțȦ-

1 Watt, K. and P. Craig. “Surprise, Ecological Stability Theory,” in C. S. Holling (ed.), The Anatomy of Surprise. New York: John Wiley, 1988.

2 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 94.

3 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 2, pp. 80-81. 4 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

45

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȡȍȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ, ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔț, ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ1.

ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔ Ȑ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔ. Ǫ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, Ȗȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ Ȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧȝ. ǷȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȖȌȕȐȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȐȓȐ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȎȍȕȐȦ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȌȘțȋȐȝ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, «ȓțȟȠȍȍ» Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȍȑ. ǮȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔȈ ȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȣȔ ȐȌȍȈȓȖȔ.

12. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȐȏȉȣȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ (redundancy of potential command principle) ȚȍșȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕ ș ȖȉșțȎȌȈȍȔȣȔ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȔ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ Ȑ ȋȓȈșȐȚ: «Ǫ ȓȦȉȖȑ șȍȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȔ șȞȍȗȓȍȕȐȍȔ (ȒȖȕȒȈȚȍȕȈȞȐȍȑ) ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ»2. ǼȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȥȚȖȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȘȍȋțȓȧȚȖȘȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓ ȉȣ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ, ȔȖȌȍȓȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǹȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȑ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȘȍȠȍȕȈ, ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȘȍȌȣ, ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ. ǷȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȕȖ-ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȊ. ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȍȕ, ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȔ – ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ, ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ. ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ «ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ» ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȊ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȥȒșȚȘȍȔțȔȈȔȐ, ȚȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ, ȕȖ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȕȖ-ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȔ3.

1 Richardson Kurt A. “Systems theory and complexity: Part 3,” Emergence: Complexity & Organization, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2005, pp. 104-114; p. 107. 12 January 2011. http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/ECO/ECO_other/Issue_7_2_9_FM.pdf.

2 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

3 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 3, p. 110.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

13. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ/ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ

ȀȐȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȑ ȕȈțȒȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ (negative feedback causality principle), ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȣȑ țȎȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȋȓȈșȐȚ: «ǷȘȐ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȐȕȊȈȘȐȈȕȚȕȣȔ ȕȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ»1. ǸȈȊȕȖȊȍșȕȖȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒț, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȓȖȎȕȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȌȈȎȍ Ȗ ȝȈȖȚȐȟȕȖȔ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȧ Ȋ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȝȈȖȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ (șȚȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ) ȈȚȚȘȈȒȚȖȘȈ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȜȈȏȖȊȖȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȚȧȎȍȕȐȧ» (basins of attraction), ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȍ», Ȉ ȕȍ șȚȘȍȔȧȚșȧ ȗȖȒȐȕțȚȤ ȍȋȖ. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ șȘȍȌȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ – ȥȒȊȐȜȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ (equifinality).

ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ ȥȒȊȐȜȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ. ǹ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȏȈȌȈȌțȚ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ – șȚȘțȒȚțȘț Ȑ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ, ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖ șȘȍȌȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȖȠȐȉȒȐ, ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȕȍȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȈȚȚȘȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ Ȑ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȖȊ», ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȡȐȝ ȞȍȓȧȔ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȊȣȊȍșȚȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ Ȑȏ ȕȍȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȈ» ȉțȌțȚȊșȚȘȍȟȈȚȤ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍșȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȖșȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȐșȚȍȔȣ2.

ǭșȓȐ ȥȒȊȐȜȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȈȧ șȊȧȏȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȦȚ șȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȓ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑ ȚȍȔ Ȏȍ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧȔ, ȚȖ ȔțȓȤȚȐȜȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ (multifinality), ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖȑ șȊȧȏȐ (positive feedback causality principle), ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȐ Ȑ Țȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ șȘȍȌȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ. ǹȐșȚȍȔȈ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȖȊ ȗȘȐȚȧȎȍȕȐȧ» Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȣȝ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȑ (transient trajectories), ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ. Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȐȔȗțȓȤșȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȟȤ șȍȗȈȚȘȐșșȣ (separatrices) Ȑ «ȗȍȘȍȗȘȣȋȕțȚȤ» Ȑȏ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȈ» Ȋ ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȔȖȋțȚ ȒȈȒ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȑ șȘȍȌȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ.

1 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

2 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 3, pp. 111-112.

47

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǰ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔ ȔțȓȤȚȐȜȐȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȣ. ǹ ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȖșȕȈȡȍȕȕȣȝ ȋȘțȗȗ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȔ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑ ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȍ ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ». ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȣȍ șȊȧȏȐ, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȋ ȊȐȌț Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȖȑ șȚȖȓȒȕțȚȤșȧ ș țȋȘȖȏȖȑ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȎȍȓȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ, ȊȣȊȖȌȧȡȐȝ șȐșȚȍȔț Ȋ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȍ ȘȍȎȐȔȣ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȕȍșȍȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ1.

14. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ (relaxation time principle) ȋȓȈșȐȚ: «ǹȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ, ȍșȓȐ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ șȘȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ»2. ǩȈȏȐșȖȔ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ șȓțȎȐȚ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ șțȉȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȡȐȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ șȐȋȕȈȓȖȊ Ȋ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔȈȝ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǪȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȒȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ, ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑȏ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȌȊȐȋȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȗȖ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ Ȋ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȍ ȗȘȐȚȧȎȍȕȐȧ», șȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȕȖȔț șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȦ. ǿȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȟȈșȚȣȍ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȌȈȦȚ șȐșȚȍȔȍ țșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕȈ» Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ șȒȖȓȤȒȖȕȐȉțȌȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. Ǫ ȘȧȌȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ șȚȖȓȤ ȊȍȓȐȒȖ, ȟȚȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȝȈȖȚȐȟȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȔ, ȝȖȚȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȖȕȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȑȚȐ Ȓ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȖȔț ȞȐȒȓț. Ǫ șȓțȟȈȍ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȍȒȚȖȘȐȐ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȒȐ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȗȖȒȐȕțȓȈ ȖȌȐȕ «ȉȈșșȍȑȕ» Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋȓȈ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ.

ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍșȚȈȉȐȓȐȏȐȘțȦȡȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔț ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔ. DzȖȋȌȈ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȟȈșȚȖ ȘȍȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ, ȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȧȧ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ «ȗȍȘȍȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ» ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȍ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȕȐȔ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȕȈȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȌȘțȋ ȕȈȌȘțȋȈ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑȏ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȜȖȘȔ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ ȚȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȣȔ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȔ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔ. ǯȈȔȍȟȈȕȐȍ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤ-

1 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 3, p. 112. 2 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

48

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȖ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ șȍȑȟȈș, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȜȖȘȔ ȗȘȍȗȖȌȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȒȈȒ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȈȒșȐȖȔȈ, ȉȍȏ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȘȍȓȈȒșȈȞȐȐ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȔȣșȓ ȏȈȌțȔȈȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȗ ȗȖȓȤȏȍ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȐȕȍȘȞȐȐ, ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȟȈșȚȣȔ Ȑ țȎȍ ȊșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȌȍșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ.

15. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȐ (ȔȖȏȈȐȟȕȖșȚȐ)

ǹȒțȚȚȕȍȘ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȐ (patchiness principle) șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȍȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȘȍșțȘșȣ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȕȍșȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȐ <...> ǹȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȊȣșȚȘȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈȝ, ȏȈȘȈȕȍȍ ȖȋȖȊȈȘȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ, ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȔ, Ȉ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȚ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ, ȟȍȔ Țȍ, ȟȚȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȕȖ»1. ǿȚȖȉȣ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȜȖȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȚȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȟȍȘȍșȟțȘ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ ȕȈ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȍȑ ȐȌȚȐ «ȕȖȋȈ Ȋ ȕȖȋț» ș ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȔȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȟȚȖ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ Ȑ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ ȕȈ «ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȝȈȖșȈ». ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȐȌȍȧ «ȒȘȖȔȒȐ ȝȈȖșȈ», ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȍȓȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȑ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈțȒȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǽȖȚȧ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖ-ȘȈȏȕȖȔț, Ȗȕ ȊșȍȋȌȈ țȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȉȈȓȈȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧȔȐ. ǺȖȚ șȈȔȣȑ ȉȈȓȈȕș, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ ȗȧȚȕȐșȚȖșȚȐ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǷȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔȐ «ȒȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ» ȔȖȎȍȚ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȈȓȈȕșȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤȦ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȚȐȗȖȊ țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐȕȊȍșȚȐȞȐȧȔȐ Ȋ «șȐȕȍȍ ȕȍȉȖ», ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȚ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȔȐ ȕȖȘȔȈȔ, ȕȖ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ, ȗȘȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔ șȚȍȟȍȕȐȐ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȣȎȐȚȤ2.

1 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 95.

2 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 3, pp. 112-113.

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III. ǹǶǾǰǨdzȄǵȃǭ ǹǰǹǺǭǴȃ ǹDzǪǶǯȄ ǷǸǰǯǴǻ ǺǭǶǸǰǰ ǹdzǶǮǵȃǽ ǨǬǨǷǺǰǪǵȃǽ ǹǰǹǺǭǴ

1. ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ

ǵȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧȠȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ «șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ»1. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏțȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ2. ǵȈȟȈȓȖ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȥȚȈȗȈ Ȋ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȖȑ 80-ȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ 20 ȊȍȒȈ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ǹȀǨ, ȐȕșȗȐȘȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȈ Ȋ ǹȈȕȚȈ Ǽȍ (Santa Fe Institute), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ «...șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȐȗ ȕȈțȟȕȖ-ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȘȐȌȈȍȚ ȖșȖȉȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȔțȓȤȚȐȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȘȕȖȔț șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȟȍșȚȊț Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȚȍȔ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ, ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ»3. ǫȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ «țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ» Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȖ, Ȑ ȊȣȠȍ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȗ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȗȘȍȍȔșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǰȕșȚȐȚțȚ Ȋ ǹȈȕȚȈ Ǽȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ ȔȍȎȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȘȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ, ȗȐȖȕȍȘȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ǵȐȒȖȓȈș ǸȈȠȍȊșȒȐ (Nicolas Rashevsky), DzȈȘȓ ȜȖȕ ǩȍȘȚȖȓȈȕȜȐ (Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy), ǰȓȤȧ ǷȘȐȋȖȎȐȕ, Ǹȍȕȍ ǺȖȔ (René Frédéric Thom), ȅȘȐȒ ǯȐȔȈȕ (Erik Christopher Zeeman), ǪȓȈȌȐȔȐȘ ǨȘȕȖȓȤȌ Ȑ ȌȘ.4, ȖșȕȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȣ,

1 ǹȔ., ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Gell-Mann, Murray. “What is Complexity,” Complexity J., Vol. 1, No 1, 1995, pp. 16-19; Gell-Mann, Murray. The Quark and the Jaguar – Adventures in the simple and the complex. New-York: Little, Brown & Company, 1994;

Fromm, Jochen. The Emergence of Complexity. Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press, 2004. Auyang, S.Y. Foundations of Complex-system theories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998

Holland, John H. Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. New-York: Helix Books, Addison Wesley, 1995. Waldrop Mitchell. Complexity: the Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos. New-York: Touchstone, 1993. Kauffman, S. A. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Parker, Barry R. Chaos in the Cosmos: the Stunning Complexity of the Universe. New York: Plenum Press, 1996 2 Ashby, Principles of the self-organizing system;

Nicolis, Gregoire and Ilya Prigogine. Self Organization in Non Equilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order through Fluctuations. New-York: Wiley, 1977;

Haken, Hermann. Information and Self-Organization: A Macroscopic Approach to Complex Systems. Berlin: Springer, 1988;

Bak, Per. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality. New York: Copernicus Press, 1996;

Camazine, S., J. L. Deneubourg, N. R. Franks, J. Sneyd, G. Theraulaz, E. Bonabeau, Self organization in Biological Systems. Princeton, New-Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002;

Yates, F. Eugene (ed.). Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

3 Scott, Alwyn C. The Nonlinear Universe: Chaos, Emergence, Life. Series: The Frontiers Collection. Berlin: Springer, 2007, pp. 97-98.

4 Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig von. General System theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller, revised edition 1976;

Rashevsky, Nicolas. Organismic Sets. London, Beccles and Cochester: William Clowes & Sons, 1972;

Thom, René Frédéric Structural Stability and Morphogenesis: An Outline of a General Theory of Models. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989;

Zeeman, Erik Christopher. Catastrophe Theory-Selected Papers 1972-1977. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1977; Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich. Catastrophe Theory, 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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