Exercises

I. Find the answers to the following questions:

1) What kind of studies does oceanography embrace? 2) Is our Knowledge of the world ocean full and adequate? 3) Which oceans are studied least of all? 4) Why are sea expeditions so important? 5) How can the marine sciences become the unified science of Oceanography?

II. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations ( consult Text с ):

1) Морські науки; 2) топографія дна; 3) морська біологія; 4) нема ніякої інформації; 5) пори року; 6) добре обладнані океанографічні станції; 7) заповнювати пропуски; 8) систематичні роботи в морі; 9) проводили дослідження; 10) уривкові дані.

III. Choose the correct variant:

1) Oceanography includes sciences that deal with ...

a) the land masses; b) the sea; c) outer space.

2) The knowledge of ocean has been greatly increased ...

a) during the last decades; b) a century ago ; c) during recent two years.

3) Our knowledge of the ocean is ...

a) quite full ; b) rather fragmentary ; c) very poor.

4) The ... is much more studied than the others…

a) the Atlantic Ocean; b) the Pacific Ocean; c) the Indian Ocean.

5) The systematic work at sea represents ...

a) questions about desert regions of the Earth; b) various agricultural problems;

c) many of the marine sciences.

Lesson 10 COMPUTERS

BUSINESS

Grammar: Revision

Pre-Text Exercises

I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them:

Part A

Development, arithmometer, processing, to divide, to multiply, to devise, dial, addition, subtraction, astronomer, to invent arithmetic, to conceive, to conceive of, prototype, loom, mechanical, digit, philosopher, series, gear, calculating, sequential, census, tally, forerunner, obsolete.

Part B

Circuit, circuitry, processor, powerful, subsequent, network, conferencing, parallel, breakthrough, semiconductor, magnetic, binary, consumer, to manufacture.

Part C

Instrument, headquarters, graduate, oscillator, microwave, equipment, sophisticated, hand-held, established, presidency, nascent, decade, to pioneer, inkjet.

II. Read, translate and learn the following word combinations:

Part A

Calculating machine; digital device; dial wheels; a more advanced calculator; to calculate square roots; commercially available; introduction of something; to store information; adding machine; data processing; punched cards; automatic loom; finite differences; to become the basic part of something; punched-card input/output medium; sequential control; lack of funds; transistor circuit; the returns of a census; a general tally of the population; to make something obsolete.

Part B

Large-scale integrated circuits; magnetic core memory; to achieve the first breakthrough; a significant amount of information; general-purpose microprocessor; cash register; automatic teller machine; a wide range of consumer products; to be widely accepted.

Part C

Microwave signal generator; to be responsible for something; research and development efforts; a variety of electronic instruments; to bring out something; a hand-held model; in the early 1970s; to enter into direct competition with somebody/something; established computer makers; nascent personal-computer market; IBM-compatible PCs; to dominate the market for computer printers; to pioneer the manufacture of workstations; to increase the processing speed; industry leader in the field of inkjet printers.

Text A Rudimentary digital

computers

Mechanical calculating machines were invented in Europe during the 17^th century. In Germany about 1623-24 Wilhelm Schickard, a friend of the astronomer Johannes Kepler, invented the first mechanical calculator. The records were lost, however, during the Thirty Years' War.

The second mechanical calculator was an adding machine built in 1642 by the French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal. His machine was a digital device with numbers entered by dial wheels. Addition and subtraction were performed by gears with as many as eight columns of digits. During the 1670s the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz developed a more advanced calculator than Pascal's. Whereas the latter could only count, Leibnitz' machine was able to multiply, divide, and calculate square roots. A model of the machine was completed in 1673. The first commercially available calculator, the arithmometer, was produced in 1820 by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France.

Another major step in computer development was the introduction of punched cards to store information for controlling data processing in a machine. In 1804 Joseph-Marie Jacquard of France devised an automatic loom in which the woven pattern was controlled by a series of punched cards.

In 1822 the English inventor Charles Babbage built a prototype of his Difference Engine, a computing machine based on the method of finite differences. The first automatic digital computer, called the Analytical Engine, was conceived by Babbage in 1834. This Mechanical machine was designed to combine arithmetic processes with decisions based on its own computations. Babbage attempted to realize most of those elements that have become the basic part of the modern digital computer, such as an arithmetic unit, a memory for storing numbers, a punched-card input/output medium, and sequential control. His idea for using punched cards came from observing Jacquard's loom. The Analytical Engine was never completed, largely because of the lack of funds.

Of great significance in the evolution of the modern digital computer was the work of the English logician George Boole. In 1847 he published The Mathematical Analysis of Logic: Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning, which treated logic as a mathematical theory. Boole's theory, with its logic operators (e.g. AND, OR, and NOT) on binary numbers, became the basis of what is now known as Boolean algebra. The transistor circuits inside modern electronic digital computers perform such logic operations.

While working on the returns of the 1880 census, Herman Hollerith, an American statistician, conceived of an electromechanical machine that read a pattern of holes in perforated cards to sort the data represented by the holes. The U.S. census results of 1890 were processed by Hollerith's machine; a general tally of the population was attained in just six weeks, one-third the time required in 1880. Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, which later became the International Business machines Corporation (IBM). Hollerith's electromechanical sensing and punching devices were forerunners of the input/output units of more recent computers, in particular the computers of IBM, unit computer terminals made cards obsolete in the late 1970s.