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The Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) is an internationally agreed-upon set of safety procedures, types of equip­ment, and communication protocols used to increase safety and make it easier to rescue distressed ships, boats and aircraft.

GMDSS consists of several systems, some of which are new, but many of which have been in operation for many years. The system is intended to perform the following functions: alerting (includ­ing position determination of the unit in distress), search and res­cue coordination, locating (homing), maritime safety information broadcasts, general communications, and bridge-to-bridge com­munications. Specific radio carriage requirements depend upon the ship’s area of operation, rather than its tonnage. The system also provides redundant means of distress alerting, and emergency sources of power.

Recreational vessels do not need to comply with GMDSS radio carriage requirements, but will increasingly use the Digital Selec­tive Calling (DSC) VIIF radios and offshore vessels may elect to equip themselves further. Vessels under 300 Gross tonnage (GT) are not subject to GMDSS requirements and vessels from 300 to 500 GT have less restrictive carriage requirements than vessels 500 GT and over.

Text 7

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In order to be defined as an emergency, the incident should be one of the following:

• Immediately threatening to life, health, property or environment.

• Have already caused loss of life, health detriments, property damage or environmental damage.

• Have a high probability of escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property or environment.

Whilst most emergency sendees agree on protecting human health, life and property, the environmental impacts are not consid­ered sufficiently important by some agencies. This also extends to areas such as animal welfare, where some emergency organisations cover this element through the "property" definition, where animals which are owned by a person are threatened (although this does not cover wild animals). This means that some agencies will not mount an "emergency" response where it endangers wild animals or envi­ronment, although others will respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea which pose a threat to marine life). The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to the life of peo­ple involved. This can range from emergencies affecting a single per­son, such as the entire range of medical emergencies which include heart attacks, strokes and trauma, to incidents affecting large num­bers of people such as natural disasters including hurricanes, floods or mudslides.

Most agencies consider these to be the highest priority of emer­gency, which follows the general school of thought that nothing is more important than human life.

Some emergencies are not immediately threatening to life, but might have serious implications for the continued health and well­being of a person or persons (although a health emergency can sub­sequently escalate to be threatening to life). The causes of a "health” emergency are often very similar to the causes of an emergency

threatening to life, which includes medical emergencies and natural disasters, although the range of incidents which can be categorized here is far greater than those which cause a danger to life (such as broken limbs, which do not usually cause death, but immediate in­tervention is required if the person is to recover properly).

Other emergencies do not threaten any people, but do threaten peoples’ property. An example of this would be a fire in a warehouse which has been evacuated. The situation is treated as an emergency as the fire may spread to other buildings, or may cause sufficient dam­age to make the business unable to continue (affecting livelihood of the employees). Many agencies categorize property emergency as the lowest priority, and may not take as many risks in dealing with it. For instance, firefighters are unlikely to enter a burning building which they know to be empty, as the risk is unjustified, whereas they are more likely to enter a building where people are reported as trapped.

Some emergencies do not immediately endanger life, health or property, but do affect the natural environment and creatures living within it. Not all agencies consider this to be a genuine emergency, but it can have far reaching effects on animals and the long-term condition of the land. Examples would include forest fires and marine oil spills.

Text 8

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