The Past Continuous Tense

Прошедшее длительное время образуется при помощи вспомо­гательного глагола «to be» в форме Past Indefinite и причастия 1 смыслового глагола. Некоторые глаголы не употребляются в форме Continuous. Past Continuous употребляется:

1. для выражения длительного действия в прошлом, происхо­дившего в какой-то данный момент. Этот момент в прошлом может быть обозначен:

а) точным указанием момента времени, например: at that moment, at that time, at 5 o'clock yesterday.

б) другим однократным действием, выраженным глаголом в Past Indefinite: Не was having dinner when I came.

2. При одновременности двух действий, происходивших в про­шлом, оба глагола, выражающие эти действия, могут стоять в Past Continuous или в Past Indefinite. Past Continuous подчеркивает процесс протекания действия, Past Indefinite констатирует факт совершения действия: We were reading while he was eating. Мы читали, в то время как он ел. I stayed in London while John took his exams in Oxford. Я жил в Лондоне, пока Джон сдавал экзамены в Оксфорде.

3. Для эмоционального подчеркивания длительности действия с такими словами, как all day (long), a'll the time, the whole morning, for 5 years, during summer, from 5 till 7: It was raining all day yesterday.

Past Continuous переводится на русский язык обычно глаголом несовершенного вида в прошедшем времени: When Jack rang me up, I was writing a letter. Когда мне позвонил Джек, я писал письмо.

The Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола «to be» в форме Future Indefinite и причастия 1 смысло­вого глагола.

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения непреднаме­ренного действия в будущем. Это время сходно с Present Con­tinuous, однако Present Continuous употребляется для выражения запланированного действия в ближайшем будущем, a Future Con­tinuous — для выражения обычного хода событий в будущем: I am seeing Tom tomorrow. (Я запланировал). I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow. (Я его увижу, т. к. мы, например, работаем вместе).

Future Continuous употребляется:

1. для выражения развертывающегося действия, которое будет происходить в какой-то момент в будущем. Этот момент может быть обозначен:

а) точным указанием времени, например: at that moment (time), at 5 o'clock tomorrow. At 5 o'clock tomorrow I'll be working.

б) другим однократным действием, выраженным глаголом в Present Indefinite (место Future Indefinite), в придаточном предло­жении времени или условия: When you come, I'll be reading.

2. для эмоционального подчеркивания длительности действия. С такими словами, как: all day, tomorrow, all the time, from 5 till 7: All day tomorrow I'll be working. Весь день завтра я буду работать.

Text 10 Shopping

Shopping has common elements wherever it takes place. A buyer looks for a seller who is offering something the buyer wants or needs at a price the buyer can afford to pay. Sellers often advertise their wares in newspapers, on the radio or TV, on posters etc. Sellers use a variety of tactics to induce buyers to purchase from them at a price which leaves some profit.

Shopping is a part of our daily life. And we have to deal with it whether we like it or not. There are people who hate going shopping. So they make a list of what they need and run through stores buying the needed things. Sometimes they even don't care about the price. And there are people who go from store to store looking for goods of better quality and lower price. Those don't worry about the time they spend shopping.

But there is a very good service called Postal Market. It really helps you to save your time and get goods of high quali­ty. You just have to look through a catalogue, choose the things you like, order them and wait a little to get them.

Tradesmen or shopkeepers generally deal only in certain goods. The grocer sells a variety of foodstuffs such as flour, butter, eggs, biscuits, jam and jellies, cheese, sugar, spice tinned and frozen foods. The greengrocer deals in fruit and vegetables. The florist sells flowers and plants, wreaths and bouquets. We go to a fishmonger for fish and if he is a poulterer as well we can buy poultry there - chickens, ducks, geese or turkeys. A milkshop is called a dairy. There we buy dairy produce - milk, butter, cheese, cream, sore cream and eggs. Then we run out of bread. We go to the baker's and ask for a loaf of white or brown bread. A cake shop sells pastries and cakes of all kinds. The confectioner always does a good trade selling sweets - chocolates, toffees and other tempting things. That makes every child's mouth water.

A draper sells clothes. A tailor sells men's clothes, either ready-to-ware or made to measure. If a woman wants to buy ready-made clothes to a dress shop or a department store. A dressmaker makes ladies' clothes in her own home.

The hatter sells men's hats, but the milliner sells hats for ladies. The hosier sells hosiery or knitted goods like stockings, socks or underclothes, a man's outfitter sells everything a man needs in the way of clothes.

Those who need paper, pens, rubbers, ink, rulers, notebooks, exercise books and bloating-paper can get them at the stationer's. The bookseller sells books and magazines. The watchmaker repairs and sells clocks and watches.

The jeweler sells jewelry and also things of gold and silver, ornaments.

The china-shop has a large stock of china porcelain and earthenware. The ironmonger supplies everything made of iron (hard-ware) from nails to gardening - tools. The furniture-shop sells furniture either for cash, or on hire purchase. A chemist although a qualified pharmacist, sells many things besides medicines - perfume, toilet articles such a soap, toothpaste, spongers, tooth brushes and even cameras and films.

The methods of shopping may vary. It may be a self-ser­vice shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. Then he takes the basket to the check-out counter, where the prices of the purchases are added up. If it is not a self-service shop, and most small shops are not, the shop-assistant helps the cus­tomer in finding what he wants. You pay money to the cashier and he gives you back the change.