Книги / Основи військового перекладу

небезпечною, чи не так?

Якими є сучасні загрози?

Ви маєте на увазі Кавказ, Центральну Азію, Північну Африку і Близький Схід?

У сучасному світі ніхто не може бути захищеним від прямого впливу джерел нестабільності в інших частинах світу.

make the investment in our security. It will become the key to the peace and prosperity.

Increased instability is the most obvious challenge.

Yes, exactly. Regions such as the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East are all going through political and economic transitions of historic dimensions.

Right. Geography once isolated Europe and North America from the fall-out of instability in other parts of the world.

This is no longer the case today.

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Lesson 2

The Nature of War and Warfare

	Active terms and expressions

war	війна
world war	світова війна
civil war	громадянська війна
cold war	холодна війна
limited war	обмежена війна
nuclear war	ядерна війна
international war	міжнародна війна
wage a war v.	вести війну
warfare	воєнні дії; війна
guerrilla warfare	партизанська війна; партизанські дії
total warfare	тотальна війна
defensive warfare	оборонні воєнні дії
psychological warfare	психологічна війна
conflict	конфлікт
insurrection	бунт; заворушення
confrontation	протистояння; конфронтація
revolution	революція
coups d’etat	переворот (військовий або державний)
terrorism	тероризм
armed conflict	збройний конфлікт
rebellion	повстання
maintain law and order v.	підтримувати законність і
	правопорядок
hostilities	воєнні дії; ворожнеча
armed strength	збройна міць; воєнна могутність
treaty	договір
peace proclamation	проголошення миру
religious conflict	релігійний конфлікт
defeat an enemy v.	завдавати поразки противнику

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strategy tactics battle naval battle combat

aerial combat logistics

troops supplies offense

offensive n., adj. offensive actions defense defensive propaganda bombardment forces combatant forces

nuclear explosive device tactical nuclear weapons aircraft carrier

heavy bomber nuclear explosion nuclear warheads

intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)

ICBM

the nature of modern warfare

carry on war on a large scale by land, sea, or air v.

maintain a small standing army v.

стратегія

тактика

битва морська битва бій

повітряний бій

матеріально-технічне забезпечення (МТЗ); тилове забезпечення

війська

постачання

наступ наступ; наступальний наступальні дії оборона оборонний пропаганда

бомбардування

сили бойові сили

ядерний зарядний пристрій (ЯЗП) тактична ядерна зброя авіаносець важкий бомбардувальник ядерний вибух ядерні боєголовки

міжконтинентальна балістична ракета (МБР)

МБР

*****

природа/характер сучасної війни

вести широкомасштабні бойові дії на суші, морі і в повітрі

утримувати малочисельну постійну армію

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tactical judgment	тактична грамотність (розсудливість);
	грамотність (розсудливість) в бою
leadership	лідерські якості
continuous supplies	безперебійне постачання
on the battlefield	на полі бою

	Prepare translation of the main text

The Nature of War and Warfare

General

According to international law, war is “a state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties”9. Likewise, the term “warfare” is understood as “the use of force on the part of two or more nations or other organized groups for the purpose of deciding disputes that cannot be settled by diplomatic means”.

Warfare takes a variety of forms besides organized military confrontations – insurrections, revolutions, coups d’etat, guerrilla warfare, and terrorism.

When armed conflicts assume global proportions, they are known as world wars10. War between different parts or factions of the same nation is called civil war. A state of war can also exist without actual recourse to arms, such as the cold war.

A rebellion is not legally considered a war because the rebels must have the power to maintain law and order within the regions occupied by them and carry on war on a large scale by land, sea, or air.

International hostilities sometimes continue for long periods of time without being acknowledged as wars. For instance, The Korean War was regarded by the U.S. government as a police action. Conflicts or wars in which major powers purposely refrain from employing all their armed strength are often known as limited wars. Limited wars are recognized as a preferable alternative to nuclear wars.

International wars are generally terminated by a treaty, and civil wars by a peace proclamation.

The military institutions of a nation and the way it wages war are determined principally by its form of government, social structure, economic

9The American Heritage Electronic Dictionary. Third edition. Version 3.5. — SoftKey International Inc., 1995.

10Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002. c 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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strength, and geographical position. For example, before World War II, the United States, taking advantage of its isolated geographical positions, maintained only a small standing army and depended on its navy and that of Britain.

Causes of Warfare

Warfare is employed to bring about or to resist political, social, or economic changes. History provides evidence of such tangible, and frequently interrelated, causes as religious conflict, protection of dynastic succession, or acquisition of territory. War for acquisition of land is directly related to the necessity of providing food for a nation or a group. Wars are also often linked to a desire for security, on the theory that a socalled first strike prevents an enemy from carrying out threats. According to some much disputed theories, such as those of the Austrian zoologist Konrad Lorenz, innate aggressive drives are responsible for human beings' frequent recourse to warfare.

Planning and Organization of Warfare

The overall plan devised to defeat an enemy is called strategy. The actual techniques carried out against the enemy are tactics, which consist of the procedures for winning on the battlefield, in naval battle, and in aerial combat. Once the overall strategic plan has been approved, planning cycles at lower echelons are implemented. The execution of plans, making possible the attainment of military objectives, involves functions carried out by a field commander whose tactical judgment and leadership are critical. Logistics, which involves transporting troops and furnishing continuous supplies in support of military operations, is essential to the success of the mission. Mobilizing industry, utilities, and medical service, as well as scientific research facilities and propaganda sources, are also part of the logistics planning process.

Types of Operation

The changes in types of operation – from ancient hand-to-hand combat to modern deployment of nuclear missiles – are linked to changes in technology. The introduction of gunpowder, and the invention of the steam engine, the telegraph, and the internal-combustion engine, completely changed land and sea warfare and added a third type – air warfare.

Offensive actions involve operations to defeat the enemy’s armed forces and destroy his will to fight. Defensive warfare entails the employment of all means and methods to prevent, resist, or destroy an enemy attack. Its purpose may be twofold: to gain time pending the development of

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more favorable conditions to take the offensive, or to concentrate forces in one area for decisive offense elsewhere.

Psychological warfare aims at destroying an enemy’s will to resist. It includes the use of propaganda (printed, broadcast, or in the form of films) and aerial bombardment employed for its demoralizing effect on the enemy civilian population as well as on combatant forces.

The development of powerful nuclear explosive devices capable of destroying targets ranging in size from large cities to entire battlefields has changed the nature of modern warfare. The possible employment of tactical nuclear weapons on the battlefield has made it extremely hazardous to mass conventional air, sea, or land forces in any one locale. For example, aircraft carriers, large formations of heavy bombers, or concentrations of armored units could all be destroyed by a single nuclear explosion. Even more vulnerable are civilian populations and economic centers that could be devastated by nuclear warheads launched from a distance of several thousand kilometers via intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). As a result, total warfare between nations equipped with nuclear weapons has become unacceptable as a sane option.

Answer the questions

1.What is a war?

2.Do you think there is a difference between terms “war” and “warfare”?

3.What forms of military confrontations do you know?

4.What wars do you know?

5.What factors influence the conduct of war?

6.What are the most common causes of war?

7.What is the difference between strategy and tactics?

8.How did the advent of nuclear weapons change the nature of warfare?

Read, decipher and translate abbreviations

ICBM; WMD

Translate into Ukrainian

According to international law; armed conflict; the use of force; to settle disputes; to settle disputes by diplomatic means; military confrontation; to assume global proportions; factions; without actual recourse to arms; to maintain law and order within the region; without being acknowledged as wars; major powers; a preferable alternative to sth; the military institutions

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of a nation; economic strength; social structure; a standing army; to bring about changes; political, social, or economic changes; interrelated causes; acquisition of territory; a desire for security; to prevent an enemy from carrying out threats; innate aggressive drives; at lower echelons; the attainment of military objectives; judgment; in support of military operations; mission; logistics planning; hand-to-hand combat; internalcombustion engine; steam engine; sea warfare; land, sea, and air warfare; to defeat the enemy’s armed forces; to destroy the enemy’s will to resist; to prevent an enemy attack; to gain time; to create favorable conditions for the offensive; to concentrate forces in one area; to aim at sth; broadcast propaganda.

Translate into English

Суперечності; відкритий конфлікт; довготривалий конфлікт; дипломатичними засобами; розбіжності, які не можна врегулювати дипломатичними засобами; воєнні дії; знаходити свій прояв у різних формах; організовані військові протистояння; стан війни; повстанці; тривати впродовж довгого часу; навмисно утримуватись від застосування збройної міці; завершуватись договором; форма правління; географічне положення; користуватися перевагами відособленого географічного положення; причини війни; чинити опір змінам; війна за оволодіння землею; перший удар; природні агресивні бажання; загальний стратегічний план; виконання планів; польовий командир; лідерські якості; бути необхідним для успішного виконання бойового завдання; види бойових дій; розгортання ядерних ракет; порох; воєнні дії на суші; воєнні дії в повітрі; завдавати поразки противнику; застосування всіх засобів; мати дві мети; сприятливі умови для наступу; рішучий наступ; друкована пропаганда; кінопропаганда.

	Translate quickly

Згідно з нормами міжнародного права; open conflict; збройний конфлікт; prolonged conflict; використання сили; disputes; врегулювати розбіжності; by diplomatic means; військове протистояння; organized military confrontations; набувати всесвітніх масштабів; disputes that cannot be settled by diplomatic means; угруповання; a state of war; без реального застосування зброї; rebels; підтримувати законність і правопорядок в регіоні; to purposely refrain from employing the armed strength; без визнання в якості війни; to be terminated by a treaty; головні держави; the form of government; військові організації країни;

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geographical position; економічна міць; causes of warfare; соціальна структура; to take advantage of isolated geographical position; приводити до змін; to resist changes; взаємопов’язані причини; war for acquisition of land; бажання мати безпеку; first strike; не дозволяти противнику реалізувати загрози; the overall strategic plan; на нижчих рівнях; the execution of plans; виконання військових завдань; leadership; розсудливість; to be essential to sth; бойове завдання; types of operation; планування МТЗ; deployment of nuclear missiles; рукопашний бій; gunpowder; двигун внутрішнього згорання; land warfare; зламати волю противника чинити опір; to create favorable conditions for the offensive;

вигравати час; decisive offense; зосереджувати війська в одному районі.

Build up your vocabulary

w a r

війна; воєнний accidental war – війна, що почалася випадково

all-out war – загальна, тотальна війна

at war (with) – у стані війни (з ким-небудь) atomic war – атомна війна

conventional war – війна з застосуванням звичайних видів зброї; неядерна війна

defensive war – оборонна війна full-scale war – повномасштабна війна global war – глобальна війна

holy war – священна війна hot war – справжня війна

ideological war – ідеологічна війна star wars – зоряні війни

the art of war – воєнне мистецтво thermonuclear war – термоядерна війна to ban a war, – забороняти війну

to carry the war into the enemy’s territory – переносити війну на територію противника

to conduct a war; fight a war – вести війну to end a war – закінчити війну

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to escalate a war – нарощувати воєнні дії to lose а war – програвати війну

to outlaw a war – визнавати війну незаконною

to wage /to make/ war on /against/ sb – вести війну /воювати/ з ким-

небудь

to win а war – вигравати війну war criminal – воєнний злочинець war debt – воєнний борг

war film – воєнний фільм

war of attrition – війна на виснаження war of movement – маневрена війна war of position – позиційна війна

f a c t i o n

угруповання extremist faction – екстремістське угруповання rebel faction – група повстанців

contending faction – угруповання, що суперничає opposing faction – вороже угруповання

Translate at sight

US War-making Authority11

Today most nations have assigned a special status to nuclear, biological, and certain kinds of chemical weapons. All are indiscriminate weapons that can devastate wide areas by killing and injuring soldiers and civilians alike. Their use cannot be justified by battlefield necessity alone. The authority to unleash such weapons is thus reserved for the highest levels of the national government.

In the U.S., the president, as head of the armed forces, retains sole authority over their employment, but even the president has to answer to the legislative branch except in cases of the greatest national emergency such as a surprise strategic missile attack.

Threatened U.S. missile sites, for example, might be ordered to launch their own ICBMs as soon as possible. U.S. military aircraft, especially the strategic bombers, could become airborne, and U.S. warships and naval

11 Warfare.– Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002. c 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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aircraft could provide protection for the launching of ballistic missiles by submarines.

In addition, to preserve the national decision-making power, the president and other key leaders would be transported rapidly to remote, ground-based command centers. Presidential authority and control can be maintained during this move from aboard an airborne mobile command center – a large jetliner that is equipped with elaborate communications gear.

No less important is civilian control of tactical nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons on loan to allied military forces. In each case, presidential approval is needed before a weapon's employment. These procedures not only increase civilian control over nuclear weapons but also enhance their special status, making their use by either side in a conflict less likely.

Translate by ear

The World Wars12

World War I (1914-1918) began as a war of movement. However, a stalemate developed after the first few weeks. Each side suffered enormous casualties in efforts to breach the other's defenses. New weapons such as the airplane and the tank were introduced. The submarine revolutionized sea warfare.

World War II (1939-1945) marked a return to the war of movement. The Germans won initial success by employing massed tanks. It was done with a Napoleonic boldness in Poland and France. The Allies were eventually able to defeat them by virtue of superior numbers and industrial strength. Armor was used to great advantage in Russia, North Africa, and in Western Europe. Amphibious operations played an important role in the Pacific war. It was fought over a wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean. Naval aviation and the aircraft carrier became the major weapons of the war at sea. Some battles such as Midway were fought without the opposing fleets drawing within sight of each other. A major feature of most conflicts since World War II has been the use of guerrilla tactics. In guerrilla warfare the friendly forces try to engage the enemy in a total war. This type of warfare is also called “people's war”.

12 Warfare.– Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002. c 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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