Текст № 3 New Generation of Computers

New generation of powerful computers will soon be available to aerospace manufacturers. Neural networks, fly-by-speech¹ advances, smaller processors and integrated avionics will accelerate the process of automation.

An artificial neural network, often named as neural network, is an interconnected group of natural or artificial neurons that uses a mathematical or computational model for information processing. In most cases a neural network is an adaptive system changing its structure during a learning phase. Neural networks are used for modelling complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data.

Neural networks are widely believed to be the next step in enhancing computer intelligence. Neurocomputers will be able to understand highly complex tasks which are extremely difficult to perform with current computers. Research is centering on image processing, target and feature recognition. Neural computing is also considered particularly suitable for speech recognition, enabling pilots to tell the aircraft to change course or arm missiles. Full voice control in combat aircraft may become a reality soon but it is unlikely to be introduced on commercial aircraft as crews do not fly hand-on-throttle² stick as in combat aircraft.

One major benefit of growing computer capacity will be the sophistication of monitoring systems, which detect and display error and damages requiring maintenance.

The latest program is supposed to develop technologies for the new generation equipment using microwave integrated circuit technology based on one chip, incorporating the latest advances in parallel processing. New packaging and cooling techniques are certain to improve reliability.

Problem-solving

Метод решения задач (problem-solving) – техника обучения, заключающаяся в выполнении действий или мыслительных операций, направленных на достижение цели, заданной в рамках проблемной ситуации, – решении поставленной задачи проблемного характера.

Задание 1. Изучите список потребностей. Какой вид периферийных устройств вы бы посоветовали в каждом из представленных случаев.

1. inputting printed graphics

2. building cars

3. controlling the screen cursor in a fast action game

4. making choices on a screen in a public information terminal

5. recording moving images

6. recording a book loan in a library

7. printing very high quality text and graphics

8. creating drawings

9. printing building plan drawings

10. recording sound

11. listening to music without disturbing others

12. storing programs and data

13. inputting a lot of text

14. backing up large quantities of data

Задание 2. Изучите виды компьютерных преступлений, затем соотнесите вид преступления с его кратким описанием.

1. Salami Shaving	a) Leaving, within a completed program, an illicit program that allows unauthorised - and unknown - entry.
2. Denial of Service attack	b) Using another person's identification code or using that person's files before he or she has logged off.
3. Trojan Horse	c) Adding concealed instructions to a computer program so that it will still work but will also perform prohibited duties. In other words, it appears to do something useful but actually does something destructive in the background.
4. Trapdoors	d) Tricking a user into revealing confidential information such as an access code or a credit-card number.
5. Mail bombing	Inundating an email address with thousands of messages, thereby slowing or even crashing the server.
6. Software Piracy	e) Manipulating programs or data so that small amounts of money are deducted from a large number of transactions or accounts and accumulated elsewhere. The victims are often unaware of the crime because the amount taken from any individual is so small.
7. Piggybacking	f) Unauthorised copying of a program for sale or distributing to other users.
8. Phishing	g) Swamping a server with large numbers of requests.
9. Defacing	h) Redirecting anyone trying to visit a certain site elsewhere.
10. Hijacking	i) Changing the information shown on another person's website.

Задание 3. Проанализируйте квалификационные требования. Затем соотнесите эти требования с указанными ниже должностями.

1	2	3
- at least 5 years (2 at senior level) in: Unix, SYBASE or ORACLE or Windows OS, Terminal Server, TCP/IP, Internet - strong project management (2 years) - willingness to travel abroad	- able to manage, lead and develop a team - knowledge of C, C++, Delphi - experience of object-oriented design within a commercial environment - ability to deliver software projects against agreed schedules and within agreed estimates	- proven track record in the delivery of e-solutions in banking environment - knowledge of Unix, Windows and Oracle - willingness to travel internationally
4	5	6
- minimum 4 years lifecycle development experience - demonstrable skills using VB, SQL, RDBMS - able to develop core s/w - excellent communication skills	- minimum of 18 months commercial experience of Web development - knowledge of HTML, Java, ASP - full portfolio of URLs as examples	- experience of Windows OS, Exchange, Monitoring Software, SQLServer, Verta, TCP/IP - solid grasp of networking - 2 to 5 years experience in a network environment

1. Visual Basic Developer

2. IT Engineer (Network & Database)

3. Web Developer

4. Network Support

5. E-commerce Consultant

_{6. Team Leader}

Задание 4. Ролевая игра (Role-play). Используя данный диалог в качестве образца, разыграйте свое собеседование с работодателем при приеме на работу.

Interviewer	What was your course called?
Paul	The first one was a Higher National Certificate in Computing. That was mainly programming.
Int.	Uhum.
Paul	And the second one was a Higher National Diploma in Computing Support.
Int.	Ah, that's quite a change. Did you originally think of being a programmer?
Paul	Yes, but when I finished the course there weren't a lot of jobs in programming and there seemed to be more in support. So support seemed a better career move.
Int.	Erm, what were the main subjects in your diploma course?
Paul	Hardware, Planning, Design, Software development, Applications, Communication. We did some programming too.
Int.	Communication, anything to do with Telecommunications?
Paul	No, it's, er, language skills. How to get your point over. How to make a presentation. We also had Maths. I've always liked Maths.
Int.	Was there a practical component in the course?
Paul	Yes, we had to assemble computers.
Int.	And how small were the components you started with? Was it down to the level of the motherboard, for example?
Paul	Yes, we had to link the motherboard and the CPU and all the other components of a computer and make it run.