- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
Vocabulary
Learn to use proper words
Topic:
Comparing and contrasting
Ways of comparing things or people:
- small – smaller- (the) smallest; difficult – more difficult – (the) most difficult: This is the least important fact.. This is the least acceptable variant. The book contains far more than its title suggests.
- A=B (A is as adj as B): This reaction is as fast as that described above. The new procedure is twice as effective as the old one. This substance reacts half as fast as the other one.
- A B (A is more adj than B: The peak at A is larger than the peak at B. We will examine this connection more carefully than the previous authors.
- A B (A is less adj than B): His is a question of much less theoretical importance
- A B (A is not as/so adj as B): This catalyst proved to be not so effective as the first one.
- the…the…: The higher the energy of bombarding electrons, the greater the number of secondary electrons to be emitted.
What you say when comparing things or people:
Compared to / with (especially for numbers or amounts): This year’s profits are much higher compared to last year’s. The average male now has a life expectancy of 77.6 years compared with 75 in 1960. Mortality rates are lower for women as compared with men.
By comparison / in comparison (when compared with another thing, person): Young male drivers have far more accidents by comparison with other groups. Salaries in Russia are lower in comparison with the USA.
As against / as opposed to (contrasting two figures or pieces of information): The company achieved sales of $404 million as against $ 310 million in the previous year.
In proportion to / in relation to (when considering the relationship between the size or amount of smth):His head is big in proportion to the rest of his body.
Relative (adj): It is too early to make a judgment about the relative importance of these different factors.
To compare things or people:
To compare: The graph compares the number of students joining the university to study history and chemistry.
To make / draw a comparison: In her article she makes a comparison between people’s life now and 50 years ago.
To contrast: These results contrast sharply with the results described in the article.
To make / draw a distinction between: The author draws a distinction between experimental data and computed ones.
To make / draw an analogy:Abstract concepts are often best explained by drawing analogies.
To draw a parallel: Some authors make attempts to draw a parallel between brains and computers.
V1. Translate into Russian:
A.
1. The general problem is considerably more difficult. 2. There are at least three objections to this plan. 3. This rule is as important as the above rule. 4. These operations are performed not as easily as the others. 5. The more attentively you listen the more you hear. 6. The second limitation is far more serious. 7. We got the value that is well above the predicted one. 8. Now we have two less variables in our equation. 9. They attempted to make this process more systematic. 10. The broader the information available the sooner are the difficulties explained.
B.
1. The condition M greater than or less than N ensures that the capacity C is satisfied at all the stages. 2. The exact expressions are almost as easy to evaluate as the approximate ones. 3. It is not so simple a problem as it seems. 4. A compound is considered more stable the smaller its potential energy. 5. The number of plates needed for chromatography is much higher that that required for distillation. 6. The axis is turned as much as thirty degrees. 7. The higher the purity of titanium the easier it is to fabricate, but the lower is its strength. 8. In view of this fact I decided to place much greater emphasis on general principles, and less on the details of individual systems. 9. The models must be as independent as possible, and as reusable as possible. 10. What we seem to know least of all is the temperature inside the Earth.