- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
V2 Translate into English.
1. На рис. 3 показана установка, которая была использована при проведении серии экспериментов. 2. Эксперимент, проведенный в нашей лаборатории в прошлом году, показал, что это явление обусловлено нагреванием образца до необходимой температуры. 3. В статье, которая должна быть опубликована в следующем номере журнала, возможно, будут объяснены наблюдаемые нами эффекты. 4. Мы должны предпринять некоторые специальные шаги, чтобы внести ясность в создавшееся положение. 5. Этот эффект возможно возник вследствие повышения температуры. 6. Мы должны были использовать любые возможности для усовершенствования методики проведения эксперимента. 7. Во время проведения эксперимента необходимо предпринять некоторые меры предосторожности. 8. Объяснение этого явления искали в повышении температуры.
V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
V4. Write 5-7 sentences describing your experimental work. Use the grammar structures and vocabulary studied.
UNIT 3
Improve your pronunciation:
P1. Read the word with letter “q” properly:
Require, sequence, quote, requirement, subsequent, unique, equation, quiet, quiz, equipment, quarter, quantitative, equivalent, adequate, quota, consequently, acquire, quotation, equal, equator, quantity, quality.
Grammar:
The infinitive
I. Показателем инфинитива (неопределенной формы глагола) является частицаto. Основное значение инфинитива (в простой форме) – передать то, что еще будет или должно быть сделано:towrite- писать, написать;tocomplete- закончить, завершить;todetermine- определить.
Инфинитив может выступать в роли: подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства и вводного члена предложения:
To thinkotherwisewouldbeamistake–Думатьпо-другому было бы ошибкой(подлежащее).
Wetryto minimizetheolddisadvantages. – Мы стараемсясвести к минимумупрежние недостатки.(дополнение)
To readmuchonemusthavemuchtime. –Чтобы читатьмного, нужно иметь много времени(обстоятельство).
Thecurvesto be presentedwereobtainedonsingle-crystalsamples. – Кривые,которые будутпредставлены, были получены на образцах монокристаллов.(определение).
To sum up,weshallpresentthetable. –Подводя итог, приведем таблицу.(вводный членпредложения, всегда выделяется запятыми).
II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих инфинитив.
A. Pattern: Inf (O) + P
Example: To appreciate the present requires some historical perspective. - Оценка настоящего требует некоторой исторической перспективы.
B. Pattern: Inf (O) + V imper
Example: To appreciate the present try to look at it in historical perspective. - Для того, чтобы оценить настоящее, постарайтесь взглянуть на него исторически.
C. Pattern: Inf(O) + S... + P...
Examples: (In order) to appreciate the present, one must have some historical perspective. - Для того чтобы оценить настоящее, требуется некоторая историческая перспектива.
To be a successful scientist, one must possess certain characteristic qualities. - Для того чтобы добиться успеха в науке, необходимо обладать определенными специфическими качествами.
Запомните следующие фразы, содержащие инфинитив:
tobeginwith- прежде всего, начнем с того, что...; во-первых; для начала
toconclude- в заключение
togenerate- обобщая, в общем, если обобщить (вышесказанное)
to illustrate - для иллюстрации, например
to make a long story short - короче говоря
tomention- если упомянуть
nottomention- не говоря уже о...
to put it briefly - короче говоря
to put it another way - иначе говоря, другими словами
to say nothing of - не говоря уже о...
sotosay- так сказать
tosumup- подводя итог, итак, если подвести итог
to tell the truth - по правде говоря
G1.Translate the sentences
A, B
1. To make a choice between these two alternatives is not an easy task. 2. To be on the safe side, take special care of the accuracy of the calculation. 3. To foresee what the future will be like requires analysis of the past experience. 4. To tell the truth, the results have no direct bearing on the problem under investigation. 5. To argue about it is not fruitful at the moment. 6. To establish cause-effect relationship between smoking and some diseases, extensive research is being carried on at several research centers. 7. To put it another way, the experimental procedure must suit the purpose of the experiment. 8. To be able to forecast the future, we must begin by a thorough analysis of the past course of events.
B, C
1.Для того чтобы соответствовать цели эксперимента, метод должен быть прост. 2.Установить причинно-следственные связи часто означает решить проблему. 3.Предвидеть будущее невозможно без анализа прошлого. 4.По правде говоря, все ожидали совершенно других результатов. 5. Сделать выбор часто бывает самым трудным. 6. Чтобы не рисковать, проверьте аппаратуру перед экспериментом еще раз.
D. Pattern: S...+ P...+Inf...
Examples:Thebookhasbeenwritten(in order / so as) to reviewrecentdevelopmentsinthisareaofresearch. - Книга была написанадля того, чтобы (с целью) сделать обзорпоследних достижений в этой области исследований.
The author claimed to have obtained pure products. – Автор утверждал, что он получил чистый продукт.
1. The analysis has been extended so as to take into consideration the unavoidable by-effects. 2. Two hydrogen atoms combine to form a hydrogen molecule. 3. Under this assumption this equation is reduced to yield a classical relation. 4. At this stage a new theory was advanced to produce a revolutionary change in our understanding of the process. 5. They claim to have accounted for the effect observed. 6. He admits to have made a similar mistake in his earlier publication. 7. He was sorry to have occupied himself with the problem for so long, and not to have given it up earlier. 8. They admit to have been informed of this possibility before the experiment.
E. Pattern: S...+ be...+ Inf...
Example: The primary task of the laboratory head is to provide conditions favorable for experimentation. - Основная задача руководителя лаборатории заключается в том, чтобы обеспечить условия, благоприятные для экспериментальной работы.
1. The aim was to discuss the impact of scientific activity on technology. 2.The original idea was to take advantage of the high temperature of the process. 3.Perhaps the greatest problem at present is to get some understanding of the remarkable phenomenon of memory.
G2. Make various meaningful sentences from lists A,B,C:
The aim of our seminars; the purpose of the book; the task of the research group; one important thing, the goals of our research, the greatest problems of our investigation
Is; are; was, were.
To point out general tendencies; to review recent developments in the field; to take into consideration all the essential factors; to learn from past experience; to suggest some fresh ideas for research; to develop a special apparatus suited for the experiment, to raise money.
G3. Translate into English:
Цель этой книги - дать обзор последних достижений в этой области исследований. 2. Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы обеспечить условия, наиболее благоприятные для работы. 3.Самое важное - это сосредоточить внимание на одном вопросе. 4.Задача семинарских обсуждений заключается в том, чтобы предлагать новые эксперименты.
F. Pattern: Adj/Adv..(too; enough; so..as; such..as; sufficiently).+ Inf..
Example: The concept was too advanced to be appreciated by contemporary scientists. - Идея слишком опережала свое время, чтобы ее могли оценить современники.
1.The advantages of such an approach are evident enough to be taken for granted. 2. The experiment produced enough evidence to support the interpretation suggested. 3. The failure of the project was such as to discourage further efforts for many years. 4. The information available was not sufficient to contribute to the clarification of the problem. 5.Theassumptionisreasonableenoughtobevalid.
1.Предположенне было слишком неожиданным, чтобы его можно было принять без доказательств. 2.Идеи слишком опережают свое время, чтобы их можно было сразу же принять. 3.Аргументы представляются достаточно разумными, чтобы изменить ход обсуждения. 4.Данных было недостаточно, чтобы внести ясность в эту проблему.
G. Pattern: N..+Inf..
Example: The technique of collecting information will differ according to the problem to be solved. – Методы сбора информации будут различны, в соответствии с решаемой задачей (задачей, которую надо решить).
1. The data analyzed - the data to be analyzed. 2. the lessons learned - the lessons to be learned. 3. the choice made - the choice to be made. 4. the factor taken into consideration - the factor to be taken into consideration. 5. a distinction made - a distinction to be made.
1. What are the lessons to be learned? 2. This is not an opportunity to be thrown away. 3. An interesting distinction to be made here is between problems and techniques. 4. The rate of our knowledge growth will surely increase in the years to come.
1.Проблема, которую надо решить. 2. Фактор, который надо принять во внимание. 3. Задачи, которые стоят перед нами сегодня. 4. Сложности, которые необходимо объяснить. 5.Грядущие года.
Revision:
A.
1. The aim of the book is to present the case for an extensive study of this complicated phenomenon. 2. To do two things at once is to do neither. 3. Our task is to do this work properly. 4. We expect him to take an active part in the work. 5. I know him to have been informed about the meeting. 6. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible. 7. Table 1 is given in order to demonstrate the effect. 8. He was the first to realize the difficulty of the situation. 9. To begin with, no general method is given here. 10. The postulates should be simple enough to seem almost obvious.
B, C
1.What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development. 2. The subject is fascinating enough to suggest itself for a wide discussion by people engaged in different research areas. 3. The factor is important enough to be taken into consideration even though detailed analysis is not at present feasible. 4. To conclude, a definite science politics is needed if the development of science is to favor the best interests of the country. 5. The definition was severely criticized to give rise to a long and heated discussion on the pages of some journals. 6. To appreciate the accuracy of the data, refer to Table I on page 57. 7. This book is a first-rate introduction to the nature and methods of scientific thought, to say nothing of its remarkably clear style. It is an ideal book for a fresher, as to follow the author no knowledge of science is needed. 8. To avoid making mistakes is always difficult, because, to begin with, to err is human. 9. He admitted to have oversimplified the problem, but his only excuse was that it was too complicated to be tackled directly. 10. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the power of modern experimental techniques.