- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
V2. Translate into English:
C
1.Давайте сравним данные первого и второго экспериментов. 2. По сравнению с некоторыми странными Европы зарплата инженера в России довольно низкая. 3. Доллар упал на 10% относительно евро за последнюю неделю. 4. В начале Вашей презентации Вам следует провести сравнение результатов, полученных в ходе эксперимента и результатов, известных из литературных источников. 5. Необходимо провести четкое различие между теоретическими предположениями и результатами эксперимента. 6. Для того чтобы пояснить данное условие, давайте проведем следующую аналогию. 7. Следует внимательно обдумать сравнительные преимущества обоих подходов к решению данной задачи. 8. Чем выше температура, чем ниже давление, тем меньше требуется времени.
V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
some postulates or hypothesis;
results of some sets of experiments;
methods of investigation;
methods of conducting experiments;
various setups and equipment characteristics
UNIT 7
Improve your pronunciation:
P1. Learn to read math:
201 – two hundred and one
4,631 – four thousand, six hundred and thirty-one
6,254,798 – six million, two hundred and fifty-four thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight
0.5 – o [ou] point five (nought point five, zero point five, point five)
0.05 – o [ou] point o [ou] five
1.257 – one point two five seven
½ - a half
1/3 – a third
¼ - a fourth
1/25 – a twenty fifth
2/3 – two thirds
5/16 – five sixteenth
2 ½ - two and a half
x2 – x square (squared)
y3 – y cube (cubed)
59 – five to the ninth power
10-13 – ten to the minus thirteenth power
a + b = c – a plus b is ( equals, is equal to) c
3 x 10 = 30 – three multiplied by ten is thirty
20 : 4 = 5 – twenty divided by four is five
P2. Read the following, make some calculations:
10-27; c3 , 89 426 779 153; 0.753; 50 004; a x b = c
2.5 + 0.075 = ? 1/6 + 2/3 = ?
30 : 5 = ?; 5 + 6 = ?
2 3/5 – 1/5 = ?; 5,361,493 – 175 = ? ;
Word building
Suffixes of numerals
-teen – 13 – thirteen, 19 - nineteen
-ty – 30 – thirty, 90 – ninety
-th – (the) ninth, ( the) fourth, the one hundred and twenty-fifth
Grammar слова-заместители
В английском научном тексте часто встречаются служебные слова, которые используются вместо слов, уже упомянутых в данном или предыдущем предложении.
Слова-заместители существительных 1)mine, ours, his, hers, theirs, yours– абсолютные притяжательные местоимения:
Our procedure is more practical than theirs. – Наш метод более практичен чем их (метод).
2) that, those:
The most extensive investigation was that of Lehman (1). – Наиболее обширным исследованием было исследование Лемана (1)
We use the method similar in form to those derived in (4). – Мы используем метод по форме схожий с методами, изложенными в работе (4).
3) This, these:
These are the same as the results obtained when d = 0. – Эти результаты являются такими же, какие были получены, когда d = 0.
4) one (ones):
It is possible to relate this phenomenological phase diagram to a more conventional one. – Можно связать эту феноменологическую фазовую диаграмму с более обычной диаграммой.
Among the disadvantages the following ones can be mentioned. – Среди недостатков можно упомянуть следующие (недостатки).
Другие функции слова ONE:
- один – числительное: One example is fairly enough. –Одногопримера вполне достаточно.
- формальное подлежащее: To get good results one must work hard. – Чтобы получить хорошие результаты,надоупорно работать.
- формальное дополнение: This enables one to observe and record all changes. – Это позволяет(нам)наблюдать и регистрировать все изменения.
5) the former … the latter:
The latter procedure is much more complicated than the former one. – Последняя (из упомянутых) процедур гораздо сложнее, чем первая.
In this paper we shall take the former approach. – В этой статье мы будем использоватьпервый(из упомянутых) метод.
Слова-заместители глаголов-сказуемых
do - глагол, который заменяет сказуемое предшествующего предложения, не имеющего вспомогательных глаголов:
We do not expect to construct machines to think in the same way as human beings do.– Мы не предполагаем, что сможем построить машины, которые будут думать точно также, как этоделают (думают)люди.A wise man seldom changes his mind, a fool never does. – Умный человек редко меняет свое мнение, глупый – никогда(не меняет).
первое слово сказуемого – если сказуемое, которое повторяется, состоит из более чем одного слова: As science has evolved so has its meaning. – По мере того как развивается наука,развиваетсяи ее значение.
so– служебное слово, которое используется в том случае, когда повторяемое сказуемое является составным, смысловая часть которого выражена прилагательным или наречием:These data are very important for theory, and less so for practice. – Эти данныеочень важныдля теории и менееважны для практики.
G1. Translate the sentences
A
1. These times should be compared with those in Table 3. 2. One should use a new method, not the old one. 3. Our values are not in accord with those obtained by previous workers. 4. It allows one to estimate the parameters. 5. The rate is identical with that of the unfinished reaction. 6. As my apparatus is different from yours, my methods will also differ from yours.7. This procedure is more reliable than ours. 8. This leads one to regard two problems. 9. We conclude that the latter information value exceeds the former. 10. The problem to be solved is fundamentally a mathematical one.
B
1. This chapter considers the alternative ways in which one could try to bring about such an improvement. 2. These are the only factors under which the operator has control. 3. No structure is possible other than that indicated in formula (17). 4. The method investigated for solving these problems is that of combinatorial programming. 5. The problem is one of allocating frequencies to a desired number of channels. 6. As the project size increases, so does the project duration though not at the same rate. 7. As a result, the remaining variables then become subdivided into those which do and do not affect the output. 8. This system is satisfactory, when one is studying the catalogue. 9. One may postulate that this hypothesis holds under the circumstances. 10. Every man has three characters: that which he exhibits, that which he has, and that which he thinks he has.
C
1. One cannot start applying the probability theory before one has an adequate method for numerical representation of the data. 2. A complete test set is that of tests that test every point that can be tested. 3. The charge of the proton is equal in size but opposite in sign to that of the electron. 4. It is advisable that the reader carefully study these relations because this will enable him to diagnose the cause of failure. 5. The sun rotates on its axis just as the earth does, from west to east, but takes longer to complete rotation. 6. Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 7. Over the years many of our ideas became industry standard. And many more will. 8. While the economic implications may not change the psychological ones might. 9. If one diagrams it one finds about twenty layers. 10. Our discussions to this point have been confined to a rather restricted class of functions, namely, those describable by linear differential equations. 11. To be sure, the computer does not check all things that FORTRAN does but it does produce a very good program and it does flag certain errors which it can detect.
G2. Translate into English using one, ones, that or those instead of the words in italics
C
Давайте сравним наши данные с данными, опубликованными в статье. 2. Наши выводы во многом отличаются отвыводовпрофессора Петрова. 3. Результаты, представленные в этой статье, соответствуютрезультатам, полученным в нашей лаборатории. 4. При высоких энергиях электроны приобретают (acquire) скорости, очень близкие кскоростисвета. 5. Эта точка зрения противоречитточке зрения, изложенной в данной статье. 6. Это позволяет(нам) наблюдать и регистрировать все изменения. 7. Среди недостатков можно упомянуть следующие(недостатки). 8. Реакция подобна той (реакции), которую мы наблюдали. 9. Эти приборы намного надежнее, чем(приборы),разработанные в их лаборатории. 10. Эта формулировка сводится к (формулировке), приведенной в (6).