Complex sentence

В английском языке простое повествовательное предложение имеет обычно устойчивый определенный порядок слов. В предложении выделяются: подлежащее (I), сказуемое (II), прямое дополнение (III), косвенное дополнение, которое обычно предшествует прямому дополнению (III’ ), предложное дополнение или обстоятельство (IV), определение :левое –л.о.-обычно выражается прилагательным или причастием и стоит между определителем (артикль, местоимение) и существительным; и правое –п.о.- может быть выражено существительным с предлогом, причастием, герундием с предлогом, инфинитивом или придаточным предложением.

При анализе предложения рекомендуется начинать со сказуемого, перед которым обычно стоит подлежащее. Характерным признаком сказуемого могут быть грамматические окончания ( -s, -ed), вспомогательные или модальные глаголы. Характерным признаком подлежащего является отсутствие предлога (т.е. именительный падеж).

I II III п.о.

We \ have just learned \ the main advantages \ of a diesel engine.

Л.о. л.о. I II IV

That non-stop flight report \ was published \ in the previous article.

Сложносочиненное предложениесостоит из 2 и более простых предложений, которые анализируются так же, как и простые предложения.

Сложноподчиненные предложениясостоят из главного и придаточного предложений, причем каждое придаточное предложение нужно рассматривать как развернутый член главного предложения, т.е. они могут выступать как подлежащее, сказуемое и т.д.

1. придаточное подлежащее:

I II III

That [the engine stopped running] surprised everybody.

I II I(смысловое)

It \ is evident \ that [ no flow of water occurs through the pipe.]

2. придаточное сказуемое

I II

The most useful property of the diode \ is\ that [it passes current only in one direction.]

3. придаточное дополнительное

I II III

We \ know \ that [this method of heat transfer is simply called conduction].

I II III III

He / asked / if [we knew (what the English unit of power is called.)]

4. придаточное обстоятельственное

IV I II

[ When radio waves travel away from their point of origin] they / become weakened.

5. придаточное определительное

I п.о. II IV

These waves, [which are commonly called radio waves], travel with the velocity of light.

I II IV п.о.

The mass of a body / is defined / as the quantity of matter /[it contains].

Более сложные предложения:

• соподчинения

I II III III

The experiments / show / that [light travels with great speed in a vacuum] and that [it travels with different speeds in different mediums].

• последовательного подчинения

I III II

The fundamental principle [on which all alternating current generators depend] is that

IV

[electromotive force is induced (when a conductor is made to cut across a magnetic field)].

I II III п.о.

The engineer / said [he would be able to make the experiment (the members of the committee spoke about at the last conference.)]

Неопределенно-личные предложения ( подлежащее чаще всего выражено местоимениями one или you):

One should distinguish between a tree-length and cut-to-length methods of harvesting wood.

When doing this experiment you can prove that the forces acting of the body are very high.

Бессоюзные предложения, в которых формальное подлежащее it не переводится.

It is interesting to note that in January 1946 a group of scientists received a radar reflection from the moon.

Эмфатические предложения, в которых особое внимание уделяется тому или иному члену предложения. Это происходит:

• посредством конструкции типа: it is (was) … that(who)…

• введением глагола to do

• изменением порядка слов.

Переводятся с помощью усилительных слов: именно, как раз, только, действительно.

It is the process of fission that made possible the nuclear reactor and the atomic bomb. – Именно процесс расщепления…

The whole laboratory staff did take part in that great work on the new project. – Действительно весь персонал лаборатории …

G1. Проанализируйте структуру предложения, определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова, и переведите предложения.

A, B

These results are in fair agreement with the experiments. 2. This results in the electric and magnetic forces acting at right angles to each other. 3. The character of these results is clear. 4. This decision is not a subject for discussion. 5. The subject matter of my article was approved. 6. The library has an excellent subject catalogue. 7. The process is subject to fluctuations. 8. The work was subjected to criticism. 9. The study of matter in a higher state of purity became a subject of vital interest to research workers. 10. Our society conditions persons to accept material innovations. 11. The above conditions determine the reaction rate. 12. The adequate conditions description is of utmost importance. 13. This apparatus features extraordinary stability. 14. These features are assigned to the stability of systems involved. 15. These instruments are not available. 16. The localizer instruments the program. 17. Age is a matter of mind, if you don’t mind it does not matter. 18. We do not mind if you change the constituents. 19. I don’t think it matters much what you study. 20. All matter is made up of atoms. 21. Equations that state a rule in brief form are called formulae. 22. The American state includes 50 states; each state has its own administration. 23. Please state your name and address. 24. The complete description of these phenomena gave rise to many new ideas in mathematics. 25. To complete the system of numbers mathematicians had to introduce irrational numbers.

G2. Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего

1. That this method is too complicated is obvious. 2. What has been said above indicated one of the limitations of this method. 3. Whether these two phenomena are related has yet to be discovered. 4. Whether or not these cells interact with others has to be checked. 5. Who will do it depends on the circumstances. 6. How it has been done does not matter. 7. Why he has not come may be only speculated. 8. That it is easy to confuse the two notions is indicated by this example. 9. Whether or not this synthesis will take place is not known. 10. How pleasant work can be is shown by a simple fact. 11. Whether the methods have been used since then is not known. 12. Whether or not a social system evolves and survives is dependent on the efficiency with which it processes information. 13. In any situation whether it is simple or complex one must make a decision. 14. The method is useful whether the starting material is pure or contaminated.

G3. Придаточное предложение в функции сказуемого

1. The question is how he does this. 2. The decision was that the similarities and differences should be explored in details. 3. The question is whether this scientific model will apply to the industrial plant. 4. The question remains whether these data are reliable. 5. A serious difficulty will be in that such compounds have not yet been considered. 6. The question remains whether this approach is applicable in all cases. 7. The problem is whether the results of the test should be recorded, whether successful or not.

G4. Придаточное предложение в функции определения

1. We know professor N whose articles were first published in 1980. 2. He was the first who referred to her work. .3 The reason why he didn’t come is not clear. 4. The methods we have developed extend straightforwardly to these designs. 5. The few facts he mentioned were interesting and important. 6. This is the property of the substance I wish to explain. 7. The findings were not meaningful, for which reason we could not use them in our further investigations. 8. There are infinite numbers which are larger than any number we can possibly write no matter how long we work. 9. This paper addresses the objectives a requirements document ought to meet. 10. The characteristics we are interested in are shape and size. 11. Every task a computer does must be programmed. 12. People often view the problems the way they want to view them. 13. These quantities were to be determined correctly, for which purpose we used their technique. 14. Now you must have one thing or the other, for which reason you should make up your mind which you want. 15. Thus the computer your company depends on to reduce operating costs actually may be increasing them.

G5. Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения

1. A computer will do only what it is precisely told to do. 2. We did not know he was responsible for this work. 3. We are sure it is possible to change the conditions. 4. To know what plants look like is worthwhile, but to know how they live, what they do, and how they do it is more significant. 5. We learned that the results reported by these scientists were erroneous. 6. All this implies that the data was correct. 7. It was stated the conclusion was right. 8. Figure 10 illustrates how this self-checking is accomplished. 9. The authors were able to prove that no serious error had affected the measurements. 10. One has to find whether there are any traces of water left.

G6. Придаточное предложение в функции обстоятельства

1. We must learn to obey orders before we are qualified to give them. 2. Consistency will increase and ambiguity will decrease as the process progresses. 3. Problems cannot be solved until they are accurately defined. 4. Although the new method can be used to study these systems we shall use the old one. 5. They gathered together round the table so that they could review the procedures they followed. 6. Since aluminum is light and strong it is used in aircraft industry. 7. Whatever they do the results of their work are always good. 8. Data analysis also consists of asking questions until the problem is understood, then developing alternative solutions until the best is obvious. 9. Until the reaction is over no definite evidence can be obtained. 10. Although these two methods will require completely different control structures, the techniques used will not be very different. 11. However many times the experiment was repeated the final velocity was always the same. 12. Although there is no generally accepted theory, there is much data. 13. This process of refinement continues until a level is reached that can be understood by a computer. 14. Automatic equipment cannot be produced unless and until sufficient number of people qualified to design and built it become available. And even if its production becomes technically possible, it is not likely to be installed by any firm until the necessary specialized workers who are able to operate it and serve it also become available.

G7. Analyze the structure of the sentences and translate them.

1. That any gas can be turned into a liquid by pressure is known to everyone. 2. That heat flows from a place of higher to one of lower temperature but never in the reverse direction should be kept in mind. 3. That we use countless machines today needs no proof. 4. How heat is transferred by convection can be illustrated by a stove. 5. One of the most important phenomena in nature is the transmission of energy from one point to another. 6. An important characteristic of radiation is that it can occur in a vacuum. 7. The question is whether the temperature of the air is high enough to ignite the particles of the injected fuel. 8. The question is what a diesel is, how it works and how it differs from a gasoline engine. 9. Now let’s trace what happens in a typical two-cycle diesel engine. 10. Experiments show us that there is very little attraction between the molecules of any gas. 11. The bell or other alarm signal operates only when the circuit is broken. 12. If we want to get a lot of power out of a particular engine, we run it as fast as it can go safely. 13. As the warm air rises, cooler air takes its place. 14. Properties of steel depend also on heat treatment the metal has been subjected to. 15. This is the principle the mercury thermometer is based on. 16. This part of mechanics, which includes both the study of motion and the forces that bring about the motion, is called dynamics. 17. A diesel engine is that type of internal combustion engine which injects fuel oil in a finely divided state into a cylinder within which air has been compressed to a high pressure and temperature. 18. One of the reasons why people before the 18^th century knew hardly anything about gases was that they were difficult to handle. 19. Everyone who has taken snapshots knows that the lens focuses the light so that a picture is formed on the film. 20. It is a highly important instrument as it serves to indicate to the pilot whether his engine is operating efficiently. 21. Another remarkable fact is that the instruments not only show the operator how things are at the moment, but warn him of impending disturbances. 22. One should clearly understand that the direction and magnitude of the electric forces are represented by the lines of force. 23. It has been assumed in the proceeding discussion that all of the forces lie in the same plane. 24. It was on June 2, 1875, that the first sounds were transmitted by Bell and Watson. 25. It is this energy that is defined as the ability to do work. 26. Never before has a rocket reached the moon! 27. It is only by performing a large number of experiments and building up data, much of which must appear as irrelevant, that progress can be made. 28. In the case we are considering, the forces affecting the body remain unchanged. 29. Everyday observation shows us that the effect moving air produces on a body depends on the velocity of the air or the velocity of the body. 30. In the first stage of the long journey of the sound, the microphone transforms the music or speech it hears into electrical currents. 31. The ratio of useful work done by an engine to the heating value of fuel it consumes is called thermal efficiency of the engine. 32. The retarding force which stops an automobile when its brakes are applied is the friction force between the tires and the road, and the larger the coefficient of friction, the greater is the available force.