3.Answer the questuons
Why 1830 was so important period in the development of the railway?
Were the railway companies profitable?
Were the money invested in them?
Were the services for passengers useful and convenient?
What were the advantages of using the railways?
4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
Convenient service
broad legal framework
railway safety
certain standards
to control or reduce
to raise money
main-line network
5.Complete the sentences:
In the 1830s the first parts of the main-line …
First of all, they gave a very useful and convenient service …
These railways had not been in business …
Secondly, the railway companies were …
6.Make up dialogues using the text.
7.Try your best in representing the back translation of the text.
8.Retell the text in brief
Lesson2
Supplementary tasks:
Text: Railway Boom in the Mid 19(II)
1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:
To be in operation
lay down a broad legal framework
regulate matters of railway safety
including a requirement
run at least one train a day
average overall speed
carrying passengers at a fare
to control or reduce the charges of any company
the railway map looked not unlike today's main-line network.
twenty years from the opening
the national railway system was established throughout the country.
2.Read
and translate the text
By 1841 there were some 1,500 miles of railway in operation in Britain. During 1844 and 1845 Parliament had laid down a broad legal framework for the railway system. A department of the Board of Trade was set up with powers to regulate matters of railway safety; certain minimum standards of service were laid down, including a requirement that each line should run at least one train a day, at an average overall speed of at least 12mph, carrying passengers at a fare not above a penny a mile; and the state was given power to control or reduce the charges of any company which paid unreasonably large dividends. But the state did not concern itself with the detail of where railways were to be built, and imposed no plan or strategy. Provided it took its chance, survived the debate, and raised enough money, any project was as good as any other.
By 1850 there were some 6,500 miles of line open, and the railway map of Britain looked not unlike today's main-line network. There were some gaps, but not many. The most apparent was the lack of a railway across South Wales, which was not ready until 1852. Twenty years from the opening the Liverpool & Manchester, therefore, the national railway system was established throughout the country.
3.Answer the questuons
Why was a state given a power and control?
In what year did a map of Britain look like a network?
What were the duties of the Board of Trade?
How did it regulate the functions of the railways?
What had happened in 1850?
In what year was the railway established throughout the country?
4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
To be in operation
lay down a broad legal framework
regulate matters of railway safety
including a requirement
run at least one train a day
average overall speed
carrying passengers at a fare
to control or reduce the charges of any company
the railway map looked not unlike today's main-line network.
twenty years from the opening
the national railway system was established throughout the country.
5.Complete the sentences:
During 1844 and 1845 Parliament had laid down …
By 1850 there were some 6,500 miles of line open…
The most apparent was the lack of a railway …
Twenty years from the opening the Liverpool ….
By 1850 there were some 6,500 miles of ...
There were some …
The most apparent was the lack of a railway …
Twenty years from the opening the Liverpool ….
6.Try your best in representing the back translation of the text.
Lesson 3
Supplementary tasks:
(oral practice)
Перечитайте текст Railway Boom in the Mid 19 знову, виконайте одне з наступних завдань за вибором.(скласти діалог, скласти проект з теми Railway Boom in the Mid 19 або переказати текст коротко)
1.Make up dialogues using the text.
2.Retell the text in brief оr make your own project on the text.
Lesson 4
Text: Geodesy: definition, classification, problems(I)
1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:
measurement and mapping of the surface
external gravity field
engineering sciences
global geodesy
geodetic surveying
plane surveying
to determine
solid terrestrial body
marine geodesy
observed parameters
includes the determination
engineering sciences
may be divided into the areas
studies the figure of the earth
complete external gravity field
define the surface
heavenly bodies.
formulation of the problem
2.Read
and translate the text
According to the classical definition geodesy is the science of the measurement and mapping of the earth's surface, it includes the determination of the earth s external gravity, field as well as the surface of the ocean floor. Geodesy mav be included in the geosciences, and also in the engineering sciences. It turned in collaboration with other sciences such as selenodesy and planetary geodesy.
Geodesy, may be divided into the areas of global geodesy, geodetic surveying, and plane surveying .Global geodesy studies the figure of the earth including the complete external gravity field. A geodetic survey defines the surface of a country by the coordinates of a sufficiently large number of control points. In plane surveying (topographic surveing, cadastral surveing, engineering surveying), the details of the land surface are obtained.
The problem, of geodesy is to determine the figure and the external gravity field of the earth and of the other heavenly bodies. This geodetic problem incorporates a geometric (figure of the earth) and a physical (gravity field) formulation of the problem: both are closely related.