3.Answer the questions:
What is called a permanent way?
What is a gauge?
What was the kind of railroad in the early days?
What event have influenced the railroad building development?
Why is switch used ?
4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions on the text::
to operate well;
to be a success;
to be far slower and lighter;
the fastest locomotive;
moth more comfortable than;
not so important as;
thanks to the new development;
the more powerful modern locomotives;
to introduce electricity as a tactile power;
the introduction of diesel traction;
a locomotive suitable for service;
gauge switch joint following: basic feature permanent way temporary tracks heavy blocks of granite heavy steam trains steel(iron)rails
5.Complete the sentences:
The track is …
Then the wooden rails were replaced …
The discovery how to make …
The distance ...
Lesson 13
Supplementary tasks:
Text: THE RAILROAD TRACK(ІI)
1.Read and translate the text
Thus Russia was the world's first country were the uniform gauge was adopted for railways. In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.
The place where the ends of the rails meet the track is known as the rail joint. The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.
Some railroads have two or more tracks. In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch, which is a very important element of the track.
2.Answer the questions:
What is called a permanent way?
What is a gauge?
What was the kind of railroad in the early days?
What event have influenced the railroad building development?
Why is switch used
3.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions on the text::
to operate well;
to be a success;
to be far slower and lighter;
the fastest locomotive;
moth more comfortable than;
not so important as;
thanks to the new development;
the more powerful modern locomotives;
to introduce electricity as a tactile power;
the introduction of diesel traction;
a locomotive suitable for service;
gauge switch joint following: basic feature permanent way temporary tracks heavy blocks of granite heavy steam trains steel(iron)rails
4.Complete the sentences:
The track is …
Then the wooden rails were replaced …
The discovery how to make …
The distance ...
The standard gauge in most countries is …
Thus Russia was the world's first country….
The rail joint has always been …
In order to make the trains pass from one track …
5.Make up dialogues using the text.
6.Try your best in representing the back translation of the text.
7.Retell the text in brief.
Semester IV
Lesson1
Topic: “The Development of Railroads”
Text: Railway Boom in the Mid 19(I)
1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:
Convenient service
broad legal framework
railway safety
certain standards
to control or reduce
to raise money
main-line network
began to be laid down
useful and convenient service for passengers
profitable
reasonable.
2.Read
and translate the text
In the 1830s the first parts of the main-line inter-city network began to be laid down in Britain, and by 1841 you could travel by train from London to Brighton, Southampton, Bristol, and Birmingham, from the London & Birmingham Railway were lines to Liverpool and Manchester, Leeds, Derby, and York. These railways had not been in business for more than a few years. First of all, they gave a very useful and convenient service for passengers and freight which was of great advantage also to the districts served in opening up new markets for their produce. Secondly, the railway companies were profitable, and paid a very reasonable return on the money invested in them.