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4.Complete the sentences:

1. Infrastructure, most generally, is the set of interconnected …

2. The term is used differently in a variety of fields …

3. Transport or transportation is the movement of people…

4. Infrastructure includes ..

Lesson 7

Text: Мeans of Transport

  1. Read and translate the text

Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a term used to identify rather different ways of transport. The most dominant modes of transport are aviation, land transport, which includes rail, road and off-road transport, and ship transport. All modes are suitable for transporting goods, and most are suitable for transporting people.Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Each mode also has separate subsystems. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part. The word transport comes from Latin –“transport”, which means to transform. Transport has a complex structure and it also occupies the most important place in any economy of the country . It does not produce any goods in comparison with other brunches of industry. The only product of transport is the transportation of the goods produced by other brunches of industry such as Mining industry,Metallurgical,Light,Chemical,Machine-building etc.

2. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:

  1. to identify rather different ways of transport

  2. dominant modes of transport

  3. suitable for transporting goods

  4. some require a separate environment

  5. separate subsystems.

  6. a group of many parts that make up one part

  7. produce any goods in comparison with

  8. product of transport is the transportation of the goods

  9. brunches of industry.

3. Answer the questions:

1. What are the synonyms of the word transport?

2. What is transport?

3. What are the modes of transport ?

4. What does each mode of transport have?

5. What categories of transport do you know?

6. What is the most important product of transport?

4.Complete the sentences:

1. The word transport comes from …

2. Transport has a complex structure …

3. The only product of transport is the transportation of the goods…

4. The most dominant modes of transport are ....

5. All modes are suitable for transporting goods…

Lesson 8

Text: Railway Transport

  1. Read and translate the text

Rail transport is a means of transporting of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient.Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant transporting means for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.