3.Answer the questuons

What were the functions of London's Underground during World War?

What was done to make the people's life in London's Underground as comfortable as possible?

Was London's Underground a less efficient means of city transport during World War?

4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

the existence of underground,

the most popular and efficient means of public transport,

underground railways,

unused tunnels were occupied,

sleeping accommodations,

to carry food supplies,

perfectly organize the operation of railway,

to handle the normal volume of traffic.

5.Complete the sentences:

For many years of its existence London's Underground …

However during the five years of World War 2 it …

Besides many ancient books rare …

Some of the unused tunnels …

Life for the people at the …

There were sleeping accommodation…

The operation of London's Underground was ….

6.Make up dialogues using the text.

Lesson 19

Text: Railway Carriage Development(I)

1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:

fastest mean of travelling

to travel around the country

to travel at speed

road carriages

vagaries

to be unknown to railway transport

static engine

universal pattern of railway locomotive

horse traction

to haul the load

to provide individual wheels

separate compartments

railway scene

the horse had been the fastest means of transport

took the express stage or mail coaches

road carriages

the most luxurious with well-padded se

subject to the vagaries of the English climate

the railway pioneers

to face with the problem

track, steam locomotives, goods wagons, passenger carriages.

2.Read and translate the text

The British class system, with its divisions into the wealthy, the middle class and the poor, immediately made its mark on the railways. Until the coming of the steam railway the horse had been the fastest means of transport, travelling at speeds of 20mph or more singly with a solo rider. In practice, it was largely only the wealthy who travelled around the country, for the average working man was tied to his place of work on the farm or the developing factories of the industrial revolution. The wealthiest had their own private carriages and horses, while merchants and others who needed to travel frequently took the express stage or mail coaches. Many road carriages had two classes of travel - inside or outside. Inside was the most luxurious with well-padded seats for four or six passengers, but outside passengers were subject to the vagaries of the English climate.

The railway pioneers of the early nineteenth century in planning to carry passengers were soon faced with the problem of what type of vehicle to use, since never before had there been any such thing as a railway carriage. Indeed, of the four essential features which went to make up early all-purpose railways - track, steam locomotives, goods wagons, and passenger carriages - only the last item was unknown in rail transport.