Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Метод.розр. для СР 2-3к жд.docx
Скачиваний:
28
Добавлен:
27.02.2016
Размер:
657.67 Кб
Скачать

3.Answer the questuons

What kind of mark did British class system make?

How did early people travel?

What had happened during the industrial revolution?

Why were people the subjects for vagaries for the English climate?

What was unknown?

Did they use horse-traction?

4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions on the text:

fastest mean of travelling

to travel around the country

to travel at speed

road carriages

vagaries

to be unknown to railway transport

static engine

universal pattern of railway locomotive

horse traction

to haul the load

to provide individual wheels

separate compartments

railway scene

5.Complete the sentences:

Until the coming of the steam railway …

The wealthiest had …

Inside was the most …

The railway pioneers …

Track of a sort had been developed…

Steam locomotives had gradually …

Wagons running on tracks for the transport of coal…

Indeed with horse traction employed …

Thus was born, at the dawn of railways, …

6.Make up dialogues using the text.

Lesson 20

Supplementary tasks:

(oral practice)

Перечитайте текст: Railway Carriage Development(II) , виконайте наступні завдання.

1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:

fastest mean of travelling

to travel around the country

to travel at speed

road carriages

vagaries

to be unknown to railway transport

static engine

universal pattern of railway locomotive

horse traction

to haul the load

to provide individual wheels

separate compartments

railway scene

hardly any difference between road and rail carriages

adoption of steam locomotives

several carriages could be coupled together to form a train

compartment carriage

railway scene.

2.Read and translate the text

Track of a sort had been developed over two centuries, culminating in the use of the iron rail by the end of the eighteenth century. Steam locomotives had gradually evolved from the static engines of the mid-1700s, through the experiments by Trevithick and Watt in the late 1700s and the primitive machines of Murray and other engineers, to the improvements evolved by George Stephenson, in developing what became the universal pattern for the railway locomotive.

Wagons running on tracks for the transport of coal, stone and so on had been used for nearly 300 years, but passenger carriages, specifically for railway use, had not been seen before. Indeed, with horse traction employed on the first lines there was hardly any difference between road and rail carriages. With the adoption of steam locomotives which could haul far greater loads, several carriages could be coupled together to form a train. It was soon realized that it was not necessary to provide individual wheels to each single carriage body and two or three bodies were mounted together on one underframe to form a longer carriage with separate compartments. Thus was born the traditional British compartment carriage which disappeared not far ago from the railway scene.