Do not work on energized circuits unless absolutely necessary. Be sure to take time to lock out (or block out) the s\\ itch and tag it. Locks for this purpose should be readily available: if a lock cannot be obtained, remove the fuse and tag it.

Use one hand when turning switches on or off. Keep the doors to switch and fuse boxes closed except when working inside or replacing fuses. Use a fuse puller to remove cartridge fuses after first making certain that the circuit is dead.

All supply switches or cutout switches from which power could possibly be fed should be secured in the open (safety) position and tagged. The tag should read "This circuit was ordered open for repairs and shall not be closed except by" (the person making or directly in charge of repairs).

Never short out tamper with, or block open an interlock switch.

Keep clear of exposed equipment: when it is necessary to work on it use one hand only as much as possible.

Warning signs and suitable guards should be provided to prevent anyone from coming into accidental contact with high voltages.

Avoid reaching into enclosures except when absolutely necessary: when reaching into an enclosure, use rubber blankets to prevent accidental contact with the enclosure.

Do not use bare hands to remove hot parts from their holders. Use asbestos gloves if necessary.

XXXII. ТРИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Читая английский текст, следует помнить, что если сказуемое английского предложения выражено одним смысловым глаголом, то он сам содержит в себе все три, например: goes ходит — Present Indefinite Active, 3 л.

ед. ч.; went - ходил, сходил, ушел - Past Indefinite Active. Однако можно заметить, что чаще всего встречаются многочленные (сложные) формы глагола,

например: will be made, have been done, was being carried out, to have been translated и т. д. При переводе таких многочленных глагольных форм следует помнить, что последнее слово является смысловым глаголом и поэтому всегда переводится, остальные же части сказуемого, стоящие перед смысловым глаголом, являются вспомогательными, которые обычно не переводятся, но учитываются при переводе смыслового глагола: они помогают определить его время, вид и залог. При этом прежде всего следует обращать внимание на первый вспомогательный глагол, ибо именно он указывает на время (если это личная форма глагола) или содержит признаки неличных форм глагола (окончание - ing либо частицу to). Кроме того, только первый вспомогательный глагол активно участвует в образовании вопросительной (выносится в положение перед подлежащим) и отрицательной форм (частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола). И наконец, если необходимо

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построить сложную глагольную форму, следует помнить, что всегда первый вспомогательный глагол берет на себя грамматическую нагрузку, о чем будет говориться в следующем параграфе.

XXXIII. ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СКАЗУЕМОГО В ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОМ НАКЛОНЕНИИ

Три характеристики сказуемого в изъявительном наклонении – время, вид, залог являются основополагающими. Возьмем, например, личную форму глагола (сказуемое), имеющую следующее сочетание из трех характеристик: Future Perfect Passive глагола to make. В этой комбинации каждая из составных частей (и Future, и Perfect, и Passive) образуется с помощью «своего» вспомогательного глагола, и расположить эти глаголы в нужном порядке поможет следующая рекомендация: начинайте построение с последней характеристики - Passive (be + Part. II) - be made, и затем, помня, что первый вспомогательный глагол берет на себя грамматическую нагрузку, поставьте первый (пока единственный) вспомогательный глагол be в форму Perfect (have + Part. II) - have been made, затем очередной первый вспомогательный глагол have - в будущее время (Future: shall/will + Infin. без to) — will have been made

Получив сказуемое will have been made и подставив к нему подлежащее, получим предложение: The experiment will have been made. Как уже отмечалось, переводить будем только последний глагол - смысловой (made), а вспомогательные глаголы (в нашем случае их три: will, have, been, которые не переводятся) помогут определить, в каком времени, виде и залоге его поставить: Future указывает на будущее время, Perfect указывает на совершенный вид со словом уже, a Passive говорит о том, что действие переходит на подлежащее: Эксперимент (уже) сделают.

Возьмем еще одну комбинацию из трех характеристик - Present Indefinite Active. Начинаем с построения формы Active и последовательно продолжаем в обратном порядке, а так как формы Active и Indefinite (в отличие от Passive и

Perfect) не имеют своих формальных способов образования, то строим только Present - инфинитив без частицы to и, если нужно, в 3 л. ед. ч. прибавляем окончание s.

Следует запомнить наиболее характерные для научной литературы глаголы, которые могут быть переходными (иметь прямое дополнение) и непереходными:

to apply smth – применять (прикладывать) что-л. to apply – относиться; касаться; иметь место

to decrease smth – уменьшать (снижать) что-л. to decrease – уменьшаться, снижаться

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to develop smth – развивать (разрабатывать, совершенствовать, излагать, проявлять) что-л.

to develop – развиваться, образовываться, обнаруживаться to form smth – формировать (придавать форму, вид) что-л. to form – образовываться, составлять

to hold smth – держать, удерживать; содержать, вмещать что-л. to hold – иметь силу; быть справедливым

to increase smth – увеличивать что-л.

to increase – увеличиваться, возрастать, расти to obtain smth – получать что-л.

to obtain – иметь место, существовать

to reduce smth – уменьшать (ослаблять, понижать; восстанавливать; сокращать) что-л.

to reduce – сводить(ся), приводить к Например:

They applied a different method – Они применили другой метод. Но:

This criterion does not apply to our case – Этот критерий не подходит к нашему случаю.

Задание 44. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на глаголы в изъявительном наклонении, их форму и функцию в предложении. Пополните словарь новыми терминами по энергетике. Запомните значения терминов.

SHOP MACHINERY

Daily electrical work requires the use of certain pieces of shop machinery, such as a power grinder or drill press. In addition to the general precautions on the use of tools, there are a few other precautions which should be observed when working with machinery. The most important ones are:

1.Never operate a machine with a guard or cover removed.

2.Never operate mechanical or powered equipment unless throroughly familiar with the controls. When in doubt, consult the appropriate instruction or ask someone who knows.

3.Always make sure that everyone is clear before starting or operating mechanical equipment.

4. Never try to clear jammed machinery without first cutting off the source of power.

5. When hoisting heavy machinery (or equipment) by a chain fall, always keep everyone clear, and guide the hoist with lines attached to the equipment.

Never plug in electric machinery without insuring that the source voltage is the same as that called for on the nameplate of the machine.

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WRITING AN ARTICLE

Each individual writer has their own aims and needs their own way of approaching various parts of the writing process. However, whether you are writing a short essay, an article, a report or a research paper, the overall process is generally the same.

1. Preliminary phase:

Ask yourself some planning questions that will help you guide the rest of the process.

What is the purpose of this piece of writing? For example:

To answer a specific essay, examination or research question.

Who is my audience? For example:

A teacher or professor

Fellow students or colleagues

An employer

The general public

The answers will help you to choose the appropriate level of formality. They will help you make decisions about the amount of research required, as well as the kinds of examples and supporting evidence you will use.

Pre-writing phase

2. Explore

Brainstorm the ideas:

Mind maps

Lists of interesting concepts, facts, questions, etc.

Conversations with colleagues

3. Research

Next, research your topic and gather information from a variety of sources: Books and journals

The media Websites

Interviews or questionnaires Scientific studies

When you read sources, take detailed notes and keep an accurate record of each source.

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4. Organize

After carrying out your research, you can draft a thesis to guide you.

Then, using your notes, make a detailed outline of the logical plan of your essay, article or report to support this thesis, giving a structure to your writing before you begin to write.

Decide roughly how many words you will give to each part of your essay/ report. Collect or prepare any visual aids such as charts or diagrams that you might need.

Writing phase

In this phase, you will draft and revise several times until you have what you consider to be a final draft.

5. Draft

Write your draft in formal sentences and paragraphs

Remain focused on your thesis or main idea. If you do change this, go back and adapt your original plan to ensure that your assay/report continues to support the new thesis.

Follow your outline, modifying it if necessary.

In early drafts, concentrate on structure rather than spelling and punctuation.

6. Review/Edit

Read your article with a critical eye. Ask yourself:

Have you answered the question or achieved your original goal?

Have you introduced your subject? Developed it logically and come to a conclusion?

Is your supporting evidence appropriate and complete? Do you need more examples, statistics or quotes?

Have you used headings to help the reader, if appropriate? Are relations between ideas clear?

Is each part the right length for the demands of the topic – with no part too long?

In later drafts, ask yourself:

Have you used paragraph breaks well?

Is the level of formality appropriate for your readers?

Have you chosen your words carefully, using correct collocations?

Have you avoided repeating the same words or phrases too often (except technical terms)?

Have you got any word count requirements?

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If possible, ask someone else to read your text. After each review, return to the drafting step, revising and editing your writing as necessary.

Using sources in essays

Ask yourself:

Have you quoted or mentioned sources to support your points?

Have you used the citation style recommended by your teacher or institution? Have you listed your references in the style recommended?

Presentation Phase

Proofread

When you have a final draft of your writing? You will need to read it once more to find and correct surface errors.

Try to leave sometime between your final draft and proofreading as you will find it easier to see your mistakes.

Check for

Spelling

Punctuation

Grammatical mistakes

You may find it helpful to ask someone else to proofread your final draft as a last step

Format

Check with your teacher how you should present your work in terms of: Front size

Paper size Margins Line spacing

What makes writing formal?

Whatever type of text you are writing? Your aim should always be to express your ideas clearly and in a way that your readers can easily understand.

To make your writing more formal, consider:

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1. Word choice

It is usually best to use standard English words and phrases, that is, those with no label in the dictionary.

Only use words and phrases marked formal if you are sure they are appropriate. Avoid anything marked informal, slang, offensive, etc.

Use suitable synonyms for common words such as do, put, get, make. E.g. Several operations were carried out/ performed (not done).

Words that are frequently used in academic writing are marked AW in the dictionary.

2. Short forms

Avoid contracted forms (e.g. haven’t, I’m not) and abbreviations (e.g. ad - advertisment)

3. Sentence structure

In informal writing you are likely to be expressing complex ideas. To do this you will need to write sentences using relative pronouns (e.g. which, that), subordinating conjunctions (e.g. although, because, if) and coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or).

Very long sentences with many clauses can be difficult to understand. Aim for clarity.

Academic writing tends to be impersonal in style in order to be objective. This makes it sound formal. When you read in your subject, notice how the writers express themselves. The following points may help you in your writing:

Limit the use of the first person pronouns (I and we). Rather than In this study I am to… write: This study aims to… or The aim of this study is to… Look at how I and we are used in your subject area. Avoid using you.

Passive forms are often used as they focus attention on the verb, not the person e.g. A study was conducted to see…; It can be argued that…

Patterns with it and an adjective are often used: It is clear that…; It is necessary to…

Nouns are often used as subject of active verbs:

The results show that…

Complex noun phrases with prepositions are very common: The advantages of X are…; the use of light treatment in95 patents with…

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Задание 45. Write an article related to the topic of your dissertation.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Good preparation is the most important factor for a successful presentation.

1. First steps

Check the time allowed for your talk and any guidelines you have been given. Think about the purpose of your talk.

Think about the audience. Who are they? How much do they already know? How much do you need to tell them? What will interest them?

Decide on the topic if you do not know this already/ If you do decide on the specific area that you will present. Be realistic about how much you can cover in the time

allowed.

Collect your ideas and gather more information if you need to.

2. Writing your talk

Make notes of what you want to include. Think about what you must tell the audience, what you should tell them and what you would like to tell them if you have time.

Produce an outline or a plan of your talk.

Structure your talk as you would an essay: have an introduction, a main body and a conclusion.

Use headings to show the different sections of your talk.

Some people prefer to write out the whole talk like an essay. If you do this, it is better not to read this when you give your talk, but make notes and talk from those.

3. Producing notes

First make notes on cards that you may refer to while you are speaking.

Open with an introduction to the title and an overview of what you want to say:

Slide 1.

Introduction: Good morning. My talk today is about…

Slide 2.

Overview: I intend to outline…

Slide 3.

The first…or Firstly..,

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Slide 4.

The second… or Secondly…

Slide 5.

The third… or Thirdly…

Slide 6.

Finally… or In conclusion I would like to say…

Try to get the attention of your audience at the beginning with an interesting fact. Close with a summery and an invitation for people to ask questions.

4. Preparing visual aids

Visual aids help you to communicate your talk to the audience, if they are prepared carefully and used well.

If you use PowerPoint, writing and diagrams must be large and clear. Do not put too much information on each slide.

Avoid writing, drawing things on a whiteboard during your talk. Leave lots of white space.

Use headings and bullets to show the relationship between ideas. Use notes not sentences.

5. Practicing your talk

The more you practice, the more confident you will feel and the better you talk will be.

First, practice your talk alone several times until you can speak fluently and confidently from your notes and keep to the time allowed.

Then practice with one or more friends listening. Is the talk clear? Is your voice loud and clear? Are you looking at the audience?

If you can, practice at least once with the equipment you will use. Use your dictionary to check pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

6. Preparing for questions

Try to predict some of the questions your audience may ask you and practice your answers.

7.Language bank

Introduction

Good morning. My talk today examines…

The subject/ the title of my talk/paper is…

Hello. Today I’m going to talk about…

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Explaining structure

In this talk I intend to outline…

In my talk I will discuss the main features of…

I’m going to examine benefits/advantages of...

Introducing each point

The first/second/next/last point/area…I would like to discuss is… I want to begin by looking at…

Clarifying

In other words …

That is to say…

Changing the subject

So I have discussed…

Now I’d like to turn to…

Concluding

So I have talked about…

To sum up/summarize: in my talk I have…

In conclusion, I believe that…

To conclude…

Answering difficult questions

I’m sorry, I don’t quite understand your question. Could you repeat it? Well, I’m not sure about that, but I think….

Задание 46. Prepare your own presentation related to the topic of your dissertation. Present it in front of your class.

XXXIV. СЛОВА И СОКРАЩЕНИЯ, ЗАИМСТВОВАННЫЕ ИЗ ЛАТИНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА, ЧАСТО ВСТРЕЧАЮЩИЕСЯ В НАУЧНОТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ

А.D.(Anno Domini) – нашей эры a.m. (ante meridiem) – до полудня B.C. (before Christ) – до нашей эры Et al. (et alii) – и др.

e.g. (exempli gratia) – например etc. (et cetera) – и так далее

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i.e. (id est) – то есть

N.B. (nota bene) – примечание

p.m. (post meridiem) – после полудня pro et con (pro et contra) – за и против vers, vs (versus) – против

vice versa – и наоборот viz – а именно

XXXV. РЯД ПРИНЯТЫХ СОКРАЩЕНИЙ В АНГЛОАМЕРИКАНСКОЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ

A.i. – artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект a.c. – alternating current – переменный ток

amp. – ampere – ампер

С. – degree Centigrade – градусы Цельсия Сm – centimeter – сантиметр

F- frequency - частота

d.c. – direct current – постоянный ток fig. – figure – рисунок

EMF. (emf) – electromotive force – электродвижущая сила G – gram – грамм

h – henry – генри hr – hour – час in. – inch – дюйм j –jole – джоуль

kg – kilogram – килограмм km – kilometer – километр kv – kilovolt - киловольт kw kilowattкиловат

m –meter – метр

Mf – microfarad - микрофарад Lb pound – фунт

rpm - revolutions per minute – оборотов в минуту W – watt – ватт

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