a.c. – alternating current d.c. – direct current

v. – voltage

r.p.m. – revolutions per minute W – watt, etc.

Патентная литература отличается своим своеобразием, это форма и язык, свойственные описанию патентов (сочетанию двух стилей: научнотехнического и официально-делового).

Функция языка: научно-технической литературы – информативная (сообщение информации), поэтому перевод должен быть точным и адекватным.

II. ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

Обстоятельство Подлежащее+сказуемое+дополнение Обстоятельство (ядро предложения)

Определение

Подлежащее и сказуемое являются обязательными членами предложения. При переводе, прежде всего, необходимо найти подлежащее и сказуемое.

A prime mover actuates the armature. - Первичный двигатель приводит в действие якорь.

Дополнение, если в предложении нет инверсии, стоит после сказуемого.

It is termed a step down transformer. – Он называется понижающим трансформатором.

Обстоятельство обычно стоит в начале или в конце предложения (иногда оно встречается в середине предложения – в виде наречия неопределенного времени).

Even now some people don’t like being out during a thunderstorm.

Даже в наши дни некоторые люди не любят находиться на улице во время грозы.

7

Задание 1. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на способы перевода словосочетаний.

electric shock is dangerous, to be on, to be off, the value of current to be measured, power is generated at power plants, switches are widely used, the advantages of moving coil devices, are produced in different accuracy classes, voltmeter is being used, are connected to the circuit, mechanical energy is converted into electric energy, the difference is in wire connection, attending personal is protected

Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на порядок слов в английском утвердительном предложении.

1. Safety earthing system is very important for protecting attending personal from electric shock. 2. Uranium is a concentrated source of energy. 3. The lab should be reequipped with modern equipment. 4. Wire conductors are known to offer resistance to the current flow. 5. It should be replaced with a new fuse. 6. Electric lines nowadays are efficient. 7. Both solid and gaseous insulators are in use nowadays. 8. In case an element gets open it should be replaced by a new one. 9. There are different types of fuses in use nowadays. 10. Ohmmeters are widely used nowadays for measuring the value of resistance. 11. Electric installations should be reenergized. 12. Leaving laboratory one should turn off the light to be safe. 13. Electric energy is produced at power stations.

Задание 3. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на терминологические слова по энергетике. Запомните значения терминов.

STATIONARY ENGINEER

There are different types of engineers. Engineering profession is vital for industrial enterprises and everyday life. And among them is a profession of stationary engineer. A stationary engineer, who is also called operating engineer or power

8

engineer, is a professional who operates heavy machinery and equipment that provide heat, light, climate control and power. Training of engineers is very important. Stationary engineers are trained in many areas, including mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and metallurgical, computer, and a wide range of safety skills. As a rule, they work in enterprises, offices, hospitals, warehouses, power generation plants, industrial facilities, and residential and commercial buildings. Stationary engineering is not within the scope of Professional Engineering.

Ordinary engineers are responsible for different operations at thermal power stations. Stationary engineers are responsible for the safe operation and maintenance of a wide range of equipment, including pumps, gas compressors, generators, motors, boilers, gas turbines, steam turbines, air conditioning systems, heat exchangers and refrigeration equipment, heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) that may be directly (duct burners) or indirectly fired (gas turbine exhaust collectors), hot water generators, steam turbines, and refrigeration machinery in addition to its associated auxiliary equipment (such as: air compressors, natural gas compressors, electrical switchgear, pumps, etc.). Responsibilities of power electricians differ from Stationary and Professional engineers. The duties of power electricians are to construct, maintain and commission electrical apparatus used in electrical power generation, transmission, distribution and converter systems. They install, maintain and repair power generators, power converters, power transformers, circuit breakers, distribution apparatus, and metering and associated auxiliary equipment.

There are various titles for different types of engineers not only in our country but also abroad. Stationary engineers may hold various titles, such as boiler operator, power plant operator, or watch engineer. In addition, some may have various designations, such as first class, second class and third class. In some places they are to be licensed. In the United States, stationary engineers must be licensed in several cities and states. The New York City Department of Buildings requires a Stationary Engineer's License to practice in the City of New York; to obtain the license one must pass a written and practical exam and have at least five years' experience working directly under a licensed stationary engineer, or three years if in possession of a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering. Holders of the Stationary Engineer's License primarily work in large power generation facilities, such as cogeneration power plants, units, and large central heating and refrigeration

plants.
The	stationary	engineering profession appeared during the Industrial
Revolution.	They are	railroad engineers and marine engineers. Railroad engineers

operated early steam locomotives and continue to operate trains today. The use of the title "engineer" by stationary engineers has been challenged in court by university-

9

educated professional engineers. The job of today's engineer has been greatly changed by computers and automation as well as the replacement of steam engines on ships and trains.

As for stationary engineers, many are becoming more involved with the technical aspect of the job as it has shifted toward a dependence on building automation. Building and central plant operations are now relying heavily on direct digital controls; and as such the engineer is required to be much more computer literate to work with the Building Automation Systems.

Besides, stationary engineers provide general building services such as cleaning or other non-skilled duties. There are two main types of workers sharing the title and trade union affiliation (International Union of Operating Engineers). The first group is workers who operate steam plants or boilers. These are generally called stationary engineers but are known by other titles such as boiler operators, thermal

technicians and power engineers. The		second group	drives and
operates cranes and engineering	vehicles such	as bulldozers and graders used

in construction and engineering projects.

Задание 4. Ответьте на вопрос по содержанию текста.

What are Stationary engineers responsible for?

Задание 5. Переведите письменно второй и четвертый абзацы текста. Выпишите термины в свой терминологический словарь, запомните их.

III. ИНВЕРСИЯ И УСИЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

Существует ряд случаев отступления от прямого порядка слов. Это: образование вопросительной формы необходимость усилить тот или иной член предложения необходимость улучшить ритм предложения

а) при инверсии на первое место может быть вынесено дополнение:

This deflection of the needle Oersted saw adjusting by chance the wire parallel to the needle.

Именно это отклонение стрелки заметил Эрстэд, случайно поместив ее параллельно проводнику.

10

Due to Franklin’s kite experiment was the lightning conductor invented.

Именно благодаря эксперименту Франклина с воздушным змеем был изобретен громоотвод.

б) смысловая часть сложного сказуемого может быть выражена прилагательным, P I, P II или существительным с предлогом, при этом глагол связка (обычно be) стоит после обстоятельства:

Important in that experiment was the direction of current flow.

В этом эксперименте важным фактором являлся поток тока.

в) в уступительных придаточных предложениях:

Difficult though it was Lomonosov left his father’s home longing for mastering sciences.

Насколько бы трудно не было Ломоносов, стремясь к изучению наук, покинул отцовский дом.

г) инверсия может быть выражена некоторыми наречиями, союзными словами и их сочетаниями (only, never, rarely, not only…but, neither…nor, both…and, etc.),

если они стоят в начале предложения:

Both he and his class saw that when the current was turned on, the needle deflected almost at right angle.

Как он, так и его класс увидели, что стрелка отклонялась почти под прямым углом, когда электрический ток был включен.

д) глагол do вводится, если в предложении нет своих вспомогательных глаголов:

The current do stopped.

Поток тока прекратил течь.

Not only had the current stopped but…

Не только ток прекратил течь, но и …

е) nor или neither обычно употребляются после отрицательных предложений. При переводе их следует переводить «а также» и добавить «не»:

They couldn’t explain the origin of lightning; neither could they find practical application for the above mentioned phenomenon.

Они как не могли объяснить происхождение молнии, так и не могли найти практического применения вышеупомянутому явлению.

11

Задание 6. Переведите письменно текст General Plant Safety Rules. Выпишите термины в свой терминологический словарь, запомните их.

GENERAL PLANT SAFETY RULES

The three most frequently cited safety problems in the electric power generation industry were the generation of electric power, accidents due to holes in floors or walls, and accidents in confined spaces, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Power plant employers are required to ensure employees don't perform maintenance on machinery or equipment that can start up unexpectedly or unexpectedly release stored energy, until the equipment has been made inoperative. At least two employees must be present when equipment such as transformers are installed, removed or repaired, if there's a possibility an employee will come into contact with anything energized at more than 600 volts.

All openings in power plant floors must be guarded so people can't accidentally walk into them. The guard can either be a railing or a cover. Floor openings include stairways, hatchways, manholes, chutes and trapdoors. A rail, fence, half-door or other equivalent barrier must guard wall openings with a drop of four feet or more.

Power plants must post a Danger sign near any confined space employees might have to enter or work in, if entering or working in the space poses a risk of serious physical harm. Power plants must also have a procedure for rescuing people from confined spaces and providing them with emergency services.

Prevention of injuries from power equipment accidents is the number one reason to learn safety with this type of equipment. According to CPSC, 10 percent of all electrocutions resulted from using power equipment at home. The majority of these deaths were preventable with proper power equipment safety.

Always wear protective eye glasses when operating any type of power equipment. You might even need to wear a full face goggle, depending on the type of equipment you're operating.

Closed-toe shoes with socks should be worn at all times when operating power equipment. Appropriate safety gloves or at a minimal gardening gloves should be worn.

Long pants without flared bottoms should be worn to protect legs and ankles. Tuck in shirts to prevent catching in power equipment.

Regardless of your experience with power equipment or the type you use, always read the operator's manual first. Review the manual periodically. Follow any special instructions provided.

Scan the area for debris, rocks, sticks and other items. Make certain the work area is clean if using the power equipment indoors. Removing loose items will prevent injuries from items catching in the power equipment and being thrown at you.

12

Examine the power equipment to assure that there are no frayed cords, rusted blades or parts that need repair or replacement. Operating damaged power equipment is dangerous and should be avoided. Maintain, repair or replace power equipment prior to each use.

Check the operator's manual for the approved voltage for each piece of power equipment and only use appropriate electrical sources. Never cross over power cords while operating power equipment. Turn off the equipment prior to plugging in or unplugging the cords from the outlets.

Many types of power equipment have blades. Make certain the equipment is turned off and unplugged prior to changing blades. Wear safety gloves and use caution during blade changes.

Walk behind power equipment such as trimmers, cutters and mowers. Use both hands to securely hold onto the equipment. Never leave unsupervised equipment running. Avoid walking up to someone in the process of using these types of power equipment.

Задание 7. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

Which rules are the most important?

Are they equally important?

Задание 8. Переведите текст с помощью словаря. Найдите в тексте предложения со случаями инверсии. Объясните употребление инверсии.

Power engineers have a lot of duties. They supervise, operate and maintain machinery and boilers that provide steam, power, heat, refrigeration and other utility services to industrial and commercial facilities.

They are also known as:	Engineer, Stationary Engineer, Steam Engineer
Minimum education they need: Less than high school
Employment outlook:	Job turnover plus new jobs due to below average
	growth in occupation in the State 2013–2017

Power engineers are responsible for the safe and efficient operation and maintenance of industrial equipment such as boilers, steam and gas turbines, generators, gas and diesel internal combustion engines, pumps, condensers, compressors, pressure vessels and related controls. In large industrial or building complexes, they also may be responsible for heating, air-conditioning, ventilation, refrigeration, fire systems and building control systems. Responsibilities vary from one position to another but, in general, power engineers:

ensure that safety codes and other applicable regulations are followed;

use computerized systems to control, start, shut down and track the operation of boilers and related equipment, or use automatic or manual controls;

13