monitor alarms, gauges and other instruments associated with plant operations; trouble shoot and take corrective action to prevent equipment or system failures;

isolate and lock out equipment mechanically and electrically for inspection and repair; ensure that equipment and processes operate at maximum efficiency;

take chemical tests of boiler water and other process samples, interpret them and determine appropriate chemical treatments;

assist in the development of operation, maintenance and safety procedures; prepare equipment for maintenance and inspection (for example, shut down, lock out, restart);

maintain a daily log of operation, maintenance and safety activities; investigate and report on safety related accidents or incidents; write reports about plant operation;

work with outside agencies, consultants and contractors.

Industrial plants and building operations often are automated to enhance production efficiency and improve safety. In some plants, senior power engineers may work in control room environments, analyzing problems and taking action to ensure continuous and reliable operation of equipment and systems. Sometimes, they must switch from automatic controls to manual controls to correct problems and ensure the safety of staff and equipment.

Задание 9. Используя информацию текста и ваши имеющиеся знания, дайте определения по-английски понятиям “safety” and “duties”.

Задание 10. Составьте словарь незнакомых ранее терминов, запомните их.

IV. УСИЛЕНИЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ СЛОВ

1.Усилительно-выделительная конструкция “It is that…”

It was Pr. Rihman, who invented the first electrical measuring device.

Именно профессор Рихман изобрел первый электрический измерительный прибор.

2. Усилительный глагол “do” используется в утвердительном предложении для усиления значения сказуемого.

It did cause the fire. Это все-таки послужило причиной возгорания.

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Задание 11. Переведите короткие тексты. Усильте значения сказуемых в трех предложениях.

WORKING CONDITIONS

Working conditions vary considerably in occupation of power engineers. In junior positions, power engineers may be exposed to high noise levels, high temperatures, high humidity, and all types of outdoor weather conditions, dust, grease, hazardous chemicals or unpleasant odours. For example, those working in coal-fired power generating stations are exposed to coal dust and fly ash. In large plants, power engineers may be required to enter confined spaces or inspect equipment located at extreme heights. Power engineers in senior positions often work in climate controlled environments or offices.

Lifting items that weigh up to 20 kilograms may be an occasional or regular part of the work. Safety precautions and procedures must be observed to reduce the risk of injury. Some plants do not allow smoking anywhere on site.

Power engineers often work shifts, weekends, holidays and emergency overtime to accommodate continuous production.

PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Personal characteristics are very important for Power engineers. They need the following characteristics:

mechanical and electrical abilities;

good vision, hearing, manual dexterity and eye-hand co-ordination; good communication skills in person and in writing;

good organizational and decision making skills; ability to work safely and efficiently; communication skills.

Power engineers should enjoy controlling and operating manual and automated systems, analyzing information and solving problems, and having clear rules and organized methods for their work.

EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Power engineers all over the world should have appropriate education. In Alberta, for example, power engineers are certified through the Alberta Boilers Safety Association (ABSA). Standardized certification exam results are accepted in all Canadian provinces and territories. There are five standardized levels of certification, advancing from Fifth Class certificate to First Class certificate. Each level of certification has different training and employment

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experience (firing time) requirements. There also are two provincial levels of certification: Special Oilwell Operator and Special Boiler Operator. In addition to work experience, completion of an approved course normally is required to challenge Fourth and Fifth Class Certificate of Competency examinations. To write the examination for the:

Third Class certificate, candidates must have the required operating experience while holding a Fourth Class certificate. They also must have successfully completed Science 10 or 14, Applied Math 10 or Pure Math 10, and English Language Arts 10-1 or 10-2 (or equivalents), OR pass Part A of a recognized Third Class course in power engineering.

Second Class certificate, candidates must have the required operating experience while holding a Third Class certificate. They also must have successfully completed Science 20 or Physics 20, Applied Math 20 or Pure Math 20, and English Language Arts 20-1 or 20-2 (or equivalents), OR pass Part A of a recognized Second Class course in power engineering.

First Class certificate, candidates must have the required operating experience while holding a Second Class certificate. They also must have successfully completed Science 30 or Physics 30, Applied Math 20 or Pure Math 20, and English Language Arts 20-1 or 20-2 (or equivalent), OR pass Part A of a First Class course in power engineering.

Power engineering programs, distance learning and continuing education courses are offered by the following post-secondary institutions in Alberta:

Grande Prairie Regional College, Fairview Campus;

Keyano College in Fort McMurray;

Lakeland College in Lloydminster;

Medicine Hat College.

(Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) in Edmonton and others).

Entrance requirements for standardized power engineering programs vary but generally include Grade 12 English and Grade 11 math and physics courses. Some programs require a high school diploma or equivalent. Continuing education programs may be offered on an as needed basis. For current information about programs, admission requirements and mature student admission policies please check post-secondary calendars or websites.

For example under Alberta's Safety Codes Act and Power Engineers Regulation, one must hold an appropriate certificate from the Alberta Boilers Safety Association (ABSA) to supervise a power plant, heating plant or thermal heating system. Different types of certificates are required to operate and maintain different types of boilers. Certification is not required to assist in the operation of a power or heating plant under the supervision of a certified Power Engineer.

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Задание 12. Переведите текст, принимая во внимание вышеизложенный материал. Составьте словарь терминов по энергетике. Запомните значения терминов.

NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY

All energy technologies have risks and impacts, but nuclear power is exceptional in its potential to produce catastrophic accidents that can affect thousands or even millions of people and have profound human, environmental and economic consequences. Fortunately, such accidents have been rare in nuclear power's brief history. But this is no excuse for complacency.

Atomic or nuclear power plants are modern installations. They consist of several main units and a great number of auxiliary ones. The heart of nuclear power plant is its reactor where radioactive fuel is used. It is the place where fusion of nucleolus takes place.

In nuclear reactor, as a rule, uranium is utilized as a fuel. During operation process powerful heat and radioactive radiation are produced. The nuclear reactor is cooled by water circulation. Cooling water circulates through a system of tubes, in which the water is heated to a temperature of 250 – 300 degrees C. The steam produced is fed into the turbo generator.

Nuclear power plants have their advantages as well as disadvantages. The reactor and steam generators operate in them noiselessly; the atmosphere is not polluted by dust and smoke but radioactive radiation produced in the reactors is dangerous for attending personal. Therefore, the reactors and steam generators are installed underground. They are also shielded by thick concrete walls and all their controls are operated by means of automatic and electronic devices. All these measures serve to protect people from radioactive radiation. Sometimes they fail to operate.

The Fukushima disaster in March 2011 was a wake-up call for nuclear power in the US and elsewhere. In its aftermath, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission promised to upgrade safety regulations and improve enforcement. UCS nuclear power safety experts are following this process closely, providing analysis of what the NRC is and isn't doing to fulfill its promises and help keep nuclear power as safe as possible.

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Задание 13. Найдите в Интернете информацию по следующим темам по выбору. Переведите тексты в объеме 5000 знаков, пополните терминологический словарь, выучите термины.

NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY BASICS

Fukushima Book – The Story of a Nuclear Disaster (2014)

The NRC and Nuclear Power Safety in 2013

Safer Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Emergency Planning and Preparedness for Nuclear Disasters

Nuclear Crisis in Japan

Nuclear Power Information Tracker (12/2008)

NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY IN DEPTH

2003 Segmented Shutdown at Callaway (11/2010)

Brief on slow control rods at Peach Bottom (07/26/2010) Brief on recurring leakage past control rod seals at Palisades (07/16/2010)

Letter to NRC on recurring leak inside containment at Indian Point Unit 2 (06/23/2010)

Letter to NRC on groundwater protection concerns (04/2010) Petition to NRC about recurring safety problem at Davis-Besse (04/2010)

David Lochbaum: Comments from a nuclear engineer with the Union of Concerned Scientists (03/2008)

NRC Should Strengthen Safety and Security for New Reactors (10/2006)

Petition to NRC on Longstanding Radioactive Leaks (01/2006) Power Uprate Safety & Containment Overpressure (06/2005) Snap, Crackle, & Pop: Experimental Power Uprates at Boiling Water Reactors (07/2004)

OUR ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY

U.S. Nuclear Power Safety One Year After Fukushima (2012) The NRC and Nuclear Power Plant Safety

The NRC's Reactor Oversight Process: An Assessment of the First Decade

Regulatory Roulette: The NRC's Inconsistent Oversight of Radioactive Releases from Nuclear Power Plants (2010) Fire When Not Ready (01/2009)

Futility at the Utility: Two Decades of Missed Opportunities at Fermi Unit 2 (02/2007)

Walking a Nuclear Tightrope: Unlearned Lessons of Year-plus Reactor Outages (09/2006)

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U.S. Nuclear Plants in the 21st Century (05/2004)

Regulatory Malpractice: NRC's Handling of the PWR

Containment Sump Problem (10/2003)

Nuclear Plant Risk Studies: Failing the Grade (08/2000)

NUCLEAR POWER SAFETY POLICY

Nuclear Power Safety and Security Action Resource Center UCS Comments on the NRC Near-Term Task Force Safety Recommendations

UCS Nuclear Power Safety & Security Recommendations Presentation to the Blue Ribbon Commission on Interim Storage of Spent Fuel (08/19/2010)

Nuclear Power

News Center Policy Center

Задание 14. Переведите текст с помощью словаря, cоставьте словарь терминов, запомните термины.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Part I

In order to maintain electrical safety in the workplace, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or OSHA is tasked with making sure that activities are safeguarded and regulated. OSHA is part of the U.S. Labor Department, and as such, the agency is fully responsible for making sure that safety is a number one concern in all sectors of industry and business. What this means is that rules are placed and regulations are enacted in order to provide the safest environment for work. One of the most popular regulations enacted for electrical safety is the Lockout Tagout, a safety procedure created to protect personnel who are working on machines.

Electrical safety is of utmost concern in workplaces where machines abound. It has been researched that over a hundred people die each year because machines that are being repaired, set up, or serviced have not been properly locked out. Lockout Tagout was specifically created to make sure that particular machines energy is neutralized before it is serviced on. This electrical safety procedure keeps employees from accidently starting up a machine without them knowing that the machine is under maintenance, and that people are currently working on it. Machines that are being repaired become extremely hazardous devices when they are turned on. People can become electrocuted, crushed, or impaled by flying debris should these machines suddenly acquire power when their parts are being worked on.

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Electrical safety via the lockout tagout procedure is very ingenious concept. The core of this electrical safety procedure is making sure that the machines source of power is diminished. For machines that function using electricity, the source of electricity must be cut off by utilizing locks and tags. The locks keep the lines for electricity incapable of being restored, while the tags alert people not to turn on the energy source for the machines are currently in service.

Machines function by using one or more of the five energy sources: thermal, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or chemical. All of these energies can assume either of the two states: stored or active. Either of these states can become very hazardous when operated on without prior knowledge. It is the job of a particular company to make sure that its personnel are briefed about electrical safety tips, handling of different energies, and various rules and regulations before immersing them in the workplace.

Companies should understand the significance of LO/TO to electrical safety. There are a lot of situations wherein LO/TO becomes very valuable. These devices cut out the energy supply line and render them incapable of being reconnected until the rest of the personnel are complete with their tasks. Group Lockouts are among the most valuable for electrical safety, for it makes sure that each employee have successfully completed their jobs before energy is reconnected again. Group Lockouts are done using a folding scissors clamp that has multiple padlock holes that are built to keep the padlock closed. Each personnel apply their padlock to the clamp before they work, rendering the machine incapable of being activated until each of the employees have signed off on their own projects and their own padlocks are removed from the clamp. This electrical safety strategy has proved to be helpful in a lot of companies nowadays, and are currently still saving a hundred lives.

The tagout procedure for electrical safety is equally ingenious in its own way. Tagout devices should only be used as informational warning signs, and should never, ever be used as a lockout device. Tagout devices must be easy to see, durable, and be very difficult to remove. When employing the lockout/tagout electrical safety procedure, no two locks or keys should be similar, and they should never be removed by anyone but those who installed the locks and tags themselves, unless of course, instructed by the employer.

Isolation pertains to the removal of all energy sources that powers equipment, and this is done through a strict four-step procedure. First, the energy source must be identified to plan the appropriate course of action. Second, the energy source must be isolated. Third, the energy source must be locked and/or tagged to ensure that the machine can be safely repaired, maintained, or serviced. Lastly, the personnel should be able to prove that their isolation efforts are effective. Today, various manufacturers have innovated on a wide range of devices for isolation that are created to specifically fit a plethora of valves, effectors, or switches. Modern valves and switches require specific devices to be locked out, and manufacturers have proven successful in creating appropriate lockout and tagout devices for each one of them.

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