262. Give the Russian equivalents of the following attributive combinations.

1. project director project manager project-development engineer key-decision makers

2. water heater water engineer water addition water-cooled construction

3. waste pipe waste elimination waste utilization

4. wood industry wood structure wood coverings wood fastenings wood burner

5. nail factory nail head naiiable wall nail-making machine

6. environmental protection Environmental Protection Agency Clean W\ ter Act

long term plan

new pollution control facilities civil and environmental engineering

2. service life reconstruction project multistory building watering facilities

3. weather problems asphalt layers unpaved roads highway construction roadway service life traditional highway construction

practical environmental innovations in the highway construction in­dustry

2. technical breadth and depth surface storage strengthening high-density pipe manufacturing pipe storage area repair

2. glass-fibre reinforced concrete steadily growing cement industry steadily continuing industry consolidation

practically realized environmental innovations in the industry newly constructed multistory reinforced concrete buildings

2. reinforced concrete structure carbon fiber reinforcement grids wireless communication towers steel-framed structures

3. construction technology preconstruction stage construction defects reuse in road construction

4. large-scale projects standard steel sections civil engineering courses building crafts supplementary course

5. large-scale developments purpose-made panel doors service-pipe isolation valve aluminum roofing system

6. predcsign tests epoxy-coated reinforcement computer-connected lighting towers design-built project

anti-icer liquid freeze/thaw cycles

2. water-supply engineers long-term erosion protection environment-safe coating for corrosion protection

263. Ihmslate (he article. Mind the attributive complexes. Read the word combinations.

cantilever bridge - консольный мост cantilever girder - консольная балка cantilever truss - сквозная консольная форма

Hie Shanghai Newly-Built Stadium

Like large umbrellas over the heads of 80,000 spectators, 57 flying mast cable and fabric panel systems fly over the Shanghai stadium. Com­

pleted in October 1997, the stadium cost $200 million and is topped by a $5 million.

The 28,000 m² of fabric roof nests on 32 steel cantilever trusses that span 21 to 73.5 m, some ofthe longest in the world. The trapezoi­dal fabric panels inserted between the trusses are supported by a mast and cables to provide light weight roof.

The trusses are interconnected and sta­bilized by three rings of steel space trusses. Depending on the length ofthe trusses, the bays between them consist of one to three fab­ric panels. The highest point ofthe roof is 62.5 m; the lowest 31.8 m.

The irregular shape ofthe roof system required a complex design for the canopy. The designers used numerous computer graphics before com­pleting the structure. The panels are madeofTeflon-coated fibre-glass mem­brane. They have been produced at the manufacturing plant. The installa­tion of the panels took only eight weeks, six weeks less than it had been planned.

The Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design and Research designed the stadium. The concrete superstructure consists of an underground ath­letic center and 1,600-space parking garage, a 150.000 nv event area, 120 luxury seating boxes, and a 280-room hotel. The building and roof were finished in about 20 months, with as many as 3,000 workers on-site at one time.

Punctuation Marks • Знаки препинания

Правила постановки запятых в английском языке отличаются от этих правил в русском языке.

Запятая ставится:

I) для выделения вводных элементов предложения:

Fig, 7. China's first long-span fabric roof sits atop Shanghai stadium, which uses some ofthe world's longest cantilevered trusses

The use of precast concrete, a progressive construction technique, has advantages over the use of some other building materials.

2. для отделения самостоятельного причастного оборота:

New plastic materials being widely used, their characteristics are being constancy improved.

2. для выделения придаточных предложений, если они сооб­щают дополнительные сведения или служат пояснением к главной мысли:

The work of the engineer, who designs a project, and the constructor, who builds it, have the same goal - to serve the purpose for which it is built.

2. после обстоятельственного причастного оборота в начале предложения:

When tested, the motor broke down.

2. перед словом which, если оно относи тся не к одному слову, а к предыдущей части предложения:

New plastic materials had been produced, which led to producing new types of isolation.

2. однородные члены предложения отделяются друг от друга запятой. Перед завершающим перечисление союзом and часто так­же ставится запятая:

Modern houses are built of wood, brick, stone, concrete, and plastic.

2. обстоятельство цели, стоящее в начале предложения, отде­ляется запятой:

То finish the bridge on time, engineers worked on the project almost 24 hours a day.

Запятая не ставится:

1. перед придаточными предложениями:

Devices are classed according to the use they are designed for. Fijitsu trans­mission systems (Japan) can carry information very effectively. It is done by transmission systems which get it across the city and into the houses.

2. перед союзами but, because, provided, as, since ...: Carbon fiber lasts longer than rebar because it does not corrode.