23. Form the new words according to the model.

Modet condition - условие determine —	precondition - преднарительное услоние
control —	—
examine —	—

24. Distribute the given words Into four columns. Translate the words.

Model: nouns verbs adj. adv.

importance to use important indoors

use |ju:s], use Iju.zJ, useful, uselessly, serve, service, shelter, site, place, take place, mainly, main, door, indoors, need, sanitary, natural, nature, naturally, outdoors, prehistoric, predetermination

24. Supply the corresponding verts.

Model: provision - to provide - обеспечинагь disposition to -

Unit One. Why Do People Build?

accommodation to

location to -

activity to —

26. Change the nouns into the adjectives, translate the new combinations.

Model: water - watery taste - водянистый икуе

dirt - waste -

rain - season —

wind — weather —

sun - morning-

snow — day —

27. Translate the following examples.

much air, less light, few people, more waste, little energy, a few buildings, fewer sites, many shelters, little sunshine

27. Put down the corresponding English words.

    1. They stayed (в помещении) (из-за)

the rainy weather.

2. People build houses (так как) they need (убежище)

3. People's activity takes place both (в доме)

and (на улице) .

4. Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов)

are provided by modem services.

5. Accommodations arc (планируются заранее)

and located on a site plan.

Read the article (Part I).

We build because we need shelter. Wfe need shelter from sun, rain, wind, and snow. Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we may need air that is warmer or cooler than the air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature.

23

It is a well-known fact that modern people in many countries also need services. Modern services must provide energy, water, communica­tions, and dispose of waste. Sanitary accommodation is also necessary and very important. For sanitary accommodation people must have ventila­tion. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are pre­planned and located on a site plan. A site plan must be prepared and pro­vided for every building and every construction.

Part 2

Master the key terms and head words, among - среди

arrangement — устройство, при­способление branch [bra:ntjl - отрасль, ветвь bridge - мост civil - гражданский difference - разница, различие enterprise — предприятие

highway - дорога обшего поль­зования, шоссе facility - удобство, возможность facilities - средства, возможно­сти, предметы оборудова­ния

since - с; с rex пор как; так как

29. Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate every word.
Model: construction	- строительство;
to construct -	- строить, сооружать
accommodation -	:to
arrangement -	;to
organization -	:to
disposition -	;to
construction -	;to

30. Combine the given attributes (a) with the nouns (b); translate the new word com­binations.

Model: civil construction — гражданское строительство

(a) civil (b) branches

main pool

sporting enterprises

housing facilities

industrial construction

different materials military swimming

Read the article (Part 2).

In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accom­modation, people all over the world use many different construction ma­terials and arrange them into different constructions. Since prehistoric times these constructions have served as shelter and accommodation for a man, a group of people, a family, a few families, many families, an organi­zation, or an enterprise.

What are the branches modern civil construction has? Among the branches the main ones are housing construction, construction of indus­trial enterprises, construction of railroads, highways, subways, construc­tion of bridges, dams, ports, canals, construction of different sporting fa­cilities. Among them there are stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes, and others.

31. Ibir work. Read and translate the following questions. Put them to your group- mate.

1. Why do people need shelter?

2. What kind of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?

3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?

4. Do you attend any sporting facilities? What sporting facilities do you attend? How often do you attend them? Do you attend them regu­larly?

5. Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?

6. What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?

Unit Two

EXCAVATION

Master the key terms and head words.

area |'ёэпд] - плошадь, про­странство excavation - выемка фунта foundation - фундамент, основа­ние

level - уровень load - груз, тяжесть major - главный, основной soil - почва, земля stratum sing._} strata /;/. - пласт, слой

de- pre/. — придает слову про­тивоположное значение demobilize - демобилизовать deicer - льдоудалитель

upper - верхний to guard |ya:d| - охранять, защи­щать

to transfer - переносить, пере­давать above - над, более, сверх below — под, менее upper — верхний lower - более низкий, ниже

re- pref.	- снова, еще раз
reread —	перечитать
reform -	реформировать

32. Read the given combinations.

Translate them from Russian.

below /его - ниже нуля above ground — над землей above water — над водой

upper pan - верхняя часть lower part — нижняя часть lower stratum - нижний слой

sub-pre/. - под-, недо- substation — подстанция

super- pref. - над-, сверх- supermarine - надводный supercement — цемент высокого

качества supercooling - переохлаждение

33. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.

remove -

rebuild —

re-transfer -

destabilize —

dewater —

deactivation -

supervisor —

superheating —

substratum -

subpanel — - ... ..

degas -

subsoil —

34. Choose and put down the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones.

Translate the combinations.

attributes: above-ground, substructure of a building, above, warm, inor­ganic, lower, unnecessary

Model: below-ground and above-ground parts

upper and strata

oi^anic and soils

cold and climate

below and the level of freezing

water and wind erosion different levels of freezing structural changes of soil

necessary and . details

34. Translate the following combinations.

major parts of a building upper stratum of soil decomposition of organic stratum

Read and translate the articlc.

What does construction of a building start with? Construction of any building usually starts with excavation. Excavation is a process necessary for the construction of every modern building.

It is a well-known fact that there exist different kinds of soil. It is also a well-known fact that the structure of the upper stratum of the soil is of great importance for excavation. The foundation of a building should nev­er be placed on organic soils because soils of this kind are easily decom­posed. They are decomposed because water and wind change their struc­ture. So, if the upper st ratum of soil is organic, it must be removed from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building against water and wind erosion. Further excavation may take place only after the upper organic stratum has been removed. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

What are the major pans of a building? Modern buildings have three major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure, and the foun­dation. The superstructure is the above-ground pan of a building; the sub­structure — its below-ground part. As to the third part - foundation - its function is of great importance as it serves to transfer the loads of a build­ing into the upper stratum of earth - its soil.

34. Mr Hvrk. Have a talk with your groupmate. Use the questions given below.

    1. How many major parts does a modern building usually have?

    2. What are the major parts of a building?

    3. How is the above-ground (below-ground) part of a building called?

    4. What is the function of a foundation?

    5. Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?

    6. Which part of organic soil must be removed from the building area?

    7. Why must it be removed?

    8. In what climatic zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?

    9. Have you ever watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building area?

35. Think of a few questions of your own on the subject of the Unit.

Unit Three

FOUNDATION

Master the key terms and head words.

ceiling — потолок

crack - трещина

direct - прямой

equipment — оборудование

floor - пол, этаж

frame - рама, каркас, корпус

simple - простой

wall - стена

to cause (kxz| - причинять to include - включать в себя to sink — опускаться, тонуть to support - поддерживать, дер­жать

live load - собственный вес, вес

конструкции dead load - динамический вес, рабочая нагрузка

34. Distribute the words given below into two columns: nouns_% verbs.

Model: поит verbs crack found

precontrol, include, frame, react, reaction, equip, equipment, crack, found, foundation, cause, support, floor, sink, wall, transfer

34. Read the terminological combinations. Translate them into English.

frame constaiction - каркасная конструкция

frame of roof - стропильная система

support plate - опорная плита

live load - собственный вес

dead load — рабочая нагрузка

equipment crane - кран для погрузки

34. Choose the attributes opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Mind the pro­noun one.

Model: direct contact with the soil and indirect one.

attributes: indirect, rather simple, live, small, unstable, high dead loads and ones

ones ones

one

one

rather complex design and large buildings and

stable foundations and low weight and

34. Translate the given Russian words into the English ones.

    1. Foundations keep both the (стены и иол) from the

Unit Fourteen 112

WINDOW 112

Unit Fifteen 128

FLOOR 128

Control Yourself 132

REVIEW OF UNITS 13-15 132

Unit Two 30

EXCAVATION 30

Unit Three 42

FOUNDATION 42

Unit Five 40

WOOD 40

^^HrT -- ^i] T-- ^! ' J * 87

Control Yourself 89

REVIEW OF UNITS 4 7 89

Unit Nine 125

Control Yourself 138

REVIEW OF UNITS 8 9 138

Unit Eleven 92

Unit Twelve 116

CEILING 116

34. IVanslate the following questions.

    1. For what reason does every building need stability?

    2. What functions of a foundation do you know?

    3. What may cause cracking in the walls of buildings?

    4. What are the loads supported by foundations?

    5. What parts does dead load (live load) include?

Read and translate the article.

It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. Wte know that t he function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the ac­tion of the weather- rain, snow, and wind. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very spe­cial. It maybe both rather complex orvery simple. It isacommon practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually much simpler than for large ones. Why is it so? Firstly, because foundations loads of small buildings are usually low.

What kinds of loads are supported by foundations? A foundation may support different kinds of loads. Among them there are dead loads and live loads. The dead load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls. Besides, every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. The dead load also includes the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself. As to the live load, it includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use. The live load also includes snow, ice, and water of the roof.

34. Pair work. Have a talk with your group mate. Use the questions of Ex. 42.

35. Translate the extract in writing. Use a dictionary if necessary.

There exist two basic types of foundations: shallow and deep. Shal­low foundations transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure. Deep foundations transfer the load at a point far below the substructure. As to the price of these types of foundations, shal­low ones are usually less expensive than deep ones.

TABLE I Modem Types of Construction

гражданское строительство	civil construction
панельное с.	panel с.
поэтажное с.	stage с.
промышленное с.	industrial с.
сборное(из бетона)	precast concrete с.
«под ключ»	turn-key с.
военное с.	military с.

45. Translate the terminological combinations of Table I a) from English into Russian; b) from Russian into English.

Control Yourself REVIEW OF UNITS 1-3

Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the articles ⁴⁴Why Do People Build?", "Excavation", "Foundation"? In case >t>u fail to do it, we recommend you to repeat the corresponding material.

1. Much what we do takes place

   1. indoors

   2. outdoors

2. Wfc need more light

   1. by day 1 _{lhan is} р^,^ by nature.

   2. by night /

3. Every construction serves as accommodation

   1. for people and enterprises

   2. for people, families, organizations and enterprises

4. Sporting facilities include

   1. stadiums and swimming pools

   2. stadiums, aquaparks, swimming pools, sporting complexes

5. The superstructure of a building is

   1. its above-ground part

   2. its below-ground part

6. The substmcture of a building is

   1. its below-ground part

   2. its above-ground part

7. The foundation of a structure transmits its loads

   1. into the lower strata of earth

   2. into the upper stratum of earth

8. a) Organic structure of soil "i must be removed from the build- fa) Inorganic structure of soil / ing areas.

9. The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation

   1. from rain and sun

   2. from water and wind erosion

10. In the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed

    1. below the level of freezing

    2. above the level of freezing

11. Foundations should not be placed

    1. on organic soils

    2. on inorganic soils

12. Foundations keep the walls and the floors

    1. from indirect contact with the soil

    2. from direct contact with the soil

13. Sinking may cause

    1. cracks in the walls

    2. cracks in the roofs and the floors

14. Foundation design is

    1. of little importance \ _for constructions.

    2. of primary importance J

15. For large (small) buildings foundation design is

    1. rather simple

    2. rather complex

16. Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems

    1. form live loads

    2. form dead loads

17. Live loads include the weights of

    1. the people, the furnishings and equipment

    2. water, electricity and ventilation systems

18. Shallow and deep foundations

    1. differ in their cost

    2. have the same cost

19. Shallow foundations are generally

    1. more expensive \

. v , > than deep ones.

2. less expensive / ^y

1. Civil construction includes

   1. industrial and precast concrete types of construction

   2. industrial and military types of construction

Iry to answer the following questions.

1. Why do people build?

2. What are the three main parts of a building?

3. What accommodation and services do modern people need?

4. What sporting facilities are being constructed nowadays?

5. What are the two main types of loads?

(у. What components does dead (live) load include? 7. What branches of civil engineering do you know?

1 Ml 44

Unit Four

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Master the key terms and head words.

advantage [odVcr.ntidj) - преиму­щество

artificial - искусственный, фик­тивный brick - кирпич concrete — бетон gravel - гравий

durable - прочный, долговре­менный property - свойство purpose - цель resistance - сопротивление strength - прочность, сила timber - строевой лес, бревна,

лесной материал wood - древесина, роща woodwork - плотницкая работа.

деревянные изделия to decay - гнить, затухать to vary - варьировать, меняться

46. Which ofthe given words are nouns? adjectives? Why?

mixer, various, advantageous, gravel, purpose, art, artificial, stone, resis­tant, resistance, durability, durable, disadvantage, property

46. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron

46. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advanta­geous? disadvantageous?

high cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance

low resistance low cost high strength

high weight durability corrosion-resistance

heavyweight hardness softness

46. Combine the attributes (a) and the nouns (b). Do it in writing.

24. artificial, durable, various, useful, low, advantageous, high

25. process, materials, properties, strength, industry, resistance, cost

    46. Which of the words given below arc nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs? Translate every word.

height, high, deepen, depth, deeply, strength, strengthen, strong, long, highly, lengthen, length, hard, hardly, harden, hardness

46. Read the word combinations. Translate them from Russian, foundation depth - глубина залегания фундамента various properties — различные свойства process of decay - процесс гниения, затухания trliUcial atmosphere — искусственный воздух gravel concrete - граиийный бетон limber frame - деревянный каркас yuvel sand - гравийный песок

Kntd and translate the article.

Materials used for constmction purposes possess different proper- lies. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance tnd, naturally, cost.

Wbod, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the 11 lost popular buiIding materials used nowadays. They all have their advantag­es and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

W)od belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the «ildest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disad- vantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the old­est building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary wide­ly with the method of production and temperature of burning.

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. Ii is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper imounts.

Master the words.

alloy - сплав ferrous - соединения закиси железа

Kcnd and translate the extract in writing.

Metals belong to hard and fire-resistant building materials. There cKist two main groups of metals: ferrousand non-ferrous. Non-ferrous are metals whose main component is not iron. As to iron, steel and their al­loys, they belong to the group of ferrous metals.

52. Fair work. Put these questions to your groupmate.

1. Into what groups can construction materials be divided?

2. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?

3. What two groups are metals divided into?

4. What is the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?

Define parts of speech. Translate the words.

new, renew, renewable, resource, evaporate, 'increase, increase, only, the only, 'decrease, de'crease, container

53. IVanslatc the words into Russian (a); translate the combinations (b).

    1. evaporable, controllable, collectible, workable, workability, usable, reusable, reusability, suppliable

    2. water evaporation increase water content increase (decrease) naturally growing resource

the only naturally renewable resource

the only highly used naturally growing material

53. Read the terminological combinations; translate them from Russian.

wood industry - лесная промышленность wood covering — деревянное перекрытие wood fiber - древесное волокно evaporation test - проба на испаряемость

53. Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

1. Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.

2. Unit Five

   WOOD

   Part 1

   'decrease — уменьшение, спад to increase - возрастать 'increase - рост, увеличение the only - единственный the ...er... the ...er - чем..., тем...

   Master the key terms and head words.

   wood - древесина, строевой ле­соматериал; роща content - содержание, доля evaporation - испарение to contain - содержать в себе to de'crease - уменьшать(ся)

   Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.

3. Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the world.

4. The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

Kcod the article. 'S

Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. \mong other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the met hods of usage. Const ruction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only iiiiiiirally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because vood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after ilie wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water i ontent decreases the strength ofthe cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact ihat the drier is the cut wood the greater is ik strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there arc its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following - it h not fire-resistant, it easily bums. Besides, it easily decays.

Part 2

Muster the key terms and head words, board - доска

to board - обивать досками plywood - фанера *trip - полоса, лента veneer - облицовка и ncered - облицованный to determine |di't3:min| - опреде л ять, устанавливать to glue - клеить to install — устанавливать, мон­тировать to laminate - расщеплять, лами­нировать to require - требовать

Put down the corresponding verbs. Translate the words.

Model: predetermination - to predetermine - заранее определять

(a) requirement — to —

installation - to -

lamination - to -

determination - to -

evaporat ion — to -

(b) glue — клей - to glue - клеить

change - - to - J

form — - to -

strip - - to -

decrease - —to -

veneer — — to —

board - - to -

57. a) Read the terminological combinations. Translate them from Russian, glued board — доска, склеенная из фанеры glued wood - склеенное дерево, фанера laminated glass — слоистое стекло veneering plywood - оклеичная фанера

b) Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

1. Small (полосы) of wood are (склеены)

together.

2. Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен) for

some construction (цели) than (доски) .

3. (фанерные) panels are made up of (тонкие)

(деревянные) veneers.

5ft. Translate the following combinations into Russian.

wood veneers laminated wood

strip of land strips of wood glued together

Read and translate the article.

WOOD PRODUCTS I

Wbod used for construction purposes is usually changed into lami­nated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.

Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purpos­es than boards. Why is it so? First of all. because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling (набухание) and splitting (расщепле­ние) in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined.

( 'an you answer these questions?