8. A material used to span across beams or joists to create a roof or floor surface.

9. One of a group of light, closely spaced beams used to support a floor deck or a flat roof.

10. A framing member that runs up and down the slope of a pitched roof.

11. A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by the ground below.

12. A broad, shallow concrete beam that supports one-way concrete joists whose depths are identical to its own.

Titles-. Fixed Window; Single-hung Window; Double-hung Window; Sliding Window.

1. A window - with one fixed sash and another that moves horizontally in track.

2. Glass that is immovably mounted to a wall.

3. A window with two sashes. They both slide vertically in tracks.

4. A window with two overlapping sashes. The lower of them can slide vertically in tracks, and the upper one is fixed.

Titles: Stud; Tile; Mason; Strong Clay; Structural Glass.

1. A clay free from other substances, such as sand, etc.

2. Glass units used for building non-bearing walls. Glass bricks.

3. One of a series of small, closely spaced wall framing members. A heavy steel pin.

4. A fired clay product that is thin as compared to a brick. It may be a thin curved element used for roofing.

5. One who builds with bricks, stones.

Titles: Concrete; Condensation; Conduction; Conductor; Fagade; Glass; Conduit.

1. Building material that consists of white sand, soda, and chalk, which arc mixed and melted at very high temperatures.

2. a) A channel or pipe to convcy water, b) Steel used as a casing to electric cables or wires.

3. Moisture produced by humid atmosphere.

4. A material that easily transmits heat, electricity by conduction.

5. The front or face of a building.

6. The transmission of heat or sound from particle to particle of a body.

7. A mixture of lime or cement, sand, and some form of aggregate, such as broken stone or brick, shingle, etc. The selection of the aggregate de­pends on the requirements, such as strength, lightness, fire-resistance, etc. The addition of water causes chemical action to take place. The whole is well mixed together, so that the particles make a compact mass.

Titles: Membrane; Membrane Fire Protection; \fentilator; \fopor Retarder.

1. A device for keeping the air fresh in a building.

2. A layer of material used in order to prevent the passage of water vapor through a building assembly.

3. A sheet of material that is impenetrable for water or water vapor.

4. A ceiling used to provide fire protection to the structural membrane above.

Articles for Reading and Translating

Read the article. Find in it answers to the following questions.

1. Where is a membrane placed?

2. What is the function of a membrane?

1. Fuel economy

Vhpor retarders have received increased attention and are becoming extremely popular in connection with the problem of fuel economy.

A vapor retarder is a membrane of metal foil, plastic or paper. It is placed on the warm side of thermal insulation. Its function consists in keep­ing water vapor from entering the insulation and condensing into liquid. As thermal insulation levels increase, the role of vapor retarders increases also. That is the reason for high-quality vapor retarders being widely in­stalled in constructions of different types.

2. WINDOWS

Windows were formerly made on the job site by highly skilled carpen­ters, but are now produced almost exclusively in factories. Some manufac­turers make a range of standard sizes from which the designer can select, while others build windows to order. The rationale for factory production in either case is one of higher efficiency, lower cost, and most importantly, bet­ter quality. Windows need to be made to a very high standard of precision if they are to operate easily and maintain a high degree of weathertightness over a period of many years. In cold climates especially, a loosely fitted win­dow with single glass and a frame that is highly conductive of heat will sig­nificantly increase heating fuel consumption for a building, cause notice­able discomfort to the people in the building, and create large quantities of condensate to stain and decay finish materials in and around the window.

Types of Windows

Figure 6 illustrates in diagrammatic form the window types used most commonly in Wood Light Frame buildings. Fixed windows are the least expensive and the least likely to leak air or water because they have no openable components. Single-hung and double-hung windows have one or two moving sashes, which are the frames in which the glass is mounted. The sashes slide up and down in tracks in the frame of the window. In olderwindowsthe sashes were held inposition by cords and counterweights, but today's double-hung windows rely on a system of springs to counter­balance the weight of the sashes. A sliding window is essentially a single- hung window on its side, and shares with single-hung and double-hung windows the advantage that the sashes are always securely held in tracks in the frame. This allows the sashes to be more lightly built than those in projected windows.