264. Insert commas where necessary.

1. As properties of materials are universal knowledge of them is neces­sary for every designer.

2. A stained-glass window is a part of the whole interior ensemble and is not only its separate detail.

3. Vfcry many towers have been built and are being built and modern­ized.

4. Sports are practically the same in most countries but some sports are more popular than others in different countries.

5. Baseball is a most popular sport in t he USA and cricket is popular in England and Australia.

6. The work has to be stopped between December and March when heavy rain or snow makes it impossible to operate equipment.

7. Though different in design both new connections work equally well. Cracking the disadvantage of other connection designs is totally elim­inated.

8. Concrete brick stone and other natural and artificial materials are used for wall construction.

9. The framework carries the loads which are imposed on it.

10. Mortar is a mixture of lime sand and water.

11. Joists are the strong wooden beams which carry the upstairs floors.

12. Stone was a most popular building material in countries where there was not much wood.

MATERIAL FOR READING, TRANSLATING AND COMPREHENSION

Assignments in Writing • Письменные задания

Put down the title corresponding tliematicully to each of the given descriptions.

Titles: Live Load; Wind Load; Foundation; Dead Load; Superstructure; Substructure; Foundation Bolts.

1. The part of a building that has the purpose of transmitting structural loads from the building into the earth.

2. A load of the building caused by wind pressure and/or suction.

3. Special bolts used for fixing structural members, etc. to concrete or stone foundations.

4. The weight ofthe building itself.

5. The above-ground part of a building.

6. The below-ground part of a building.

7. The weight of people, show, furnishings and machines in or on the building.

Titles: Plywood; Laminate; Glue Laminated Timber, \fcneer; Member; Column; Beam.

1. A timber made up of a large number of small strips of wood glued together.

2. A thin layer, sheet, or facing.

3. A wood panel composed of a number of layers of wood veneer bond­ed together under pressure.

4. An upright structural member acting mainly in compression.

5. A straight structural member that resists nonaxial loads.

6. To bond together in layers: lamination n. - a material produced by bonding together layers of material.

7. An element of a structure such as a beam, a column, a stud, a joist; a piece in structural framework or timber framing.

Titles: Joist; Joist-band; Rafter, Stab on Grade; Decking.