207. Answer the following questions.

     1. What three conditions are necessary for water to penetrate a wall?

     2. In what way is it possible to make a wall watertight?

     3. What forces move water through a wall?

     4. Why is it nccessary to keep water away from penetrating a wall?

Unit Fourteen

WINDOW

Part 1

Master the key terms and head words.

double - двойной

cased - заключенный в...

regulations — правила, устав, ин

струкция sash - оконный переплет shop - мастерская, магазин

single - единый, один skylight - потолочное окно spring — пружина to slide - скользить according to — согласно

209. Read the terminological combinations. IVanslate them from Russian.

sash bolt — оконная задвижка shop window - витрина sliding sash - раздвижное окно skylight window - окно верхнего света single-sashed window - одностворчатое окно

counter- pre/. - контр-, противо- counteract — противодействовать counter lath - решетина

Combine prefix counter- with the nouns: weight; motion; balance.

210. Add single or double. Translate the examples into Russian.

Model: double-deck bridge — двухъярусный мост

track — однопутный

foundation — отдельный фундамент

house - одноквартирный дом

window — одностворчатое окно

level bridge - двухъярусный мост

way - двухколейная дорога

screw bolt - болт с двойной нарезкой

210. Choose and put down the proper attributes to the nouns given below.

Attributes: spring, single, airtight, sliding, impenetrable

wire - пружинная проволока

support - пружинная опора

surface - воздухонепроницаемая поверхность

window — непроницаемое окно

house - одноквартирный дом

Nouns:

contact - скользящий контакт

212. Translate the examples into Russian.

1. Mind suffix -able.

immovable slabs openable window

2. Miud suffix -ability.

durability, serviceability, workability, buildability

213. Translate the following sentences in writing.

1. Serviceability data will be used for modeling purposes.

2. The ability to produce quality finished ceilings is being considered.

3. The strength and durability of concrete is being constantly increased.

4. The buildability of the structure did not present any high-risk activi­ties other than the normal ones.

Read and translate the article.

J. Civil Engineering, /998.

buildable structure usable design

penetrable surface workable material

The main functions of windows are light and ventilation. Windows also serve for ornamentation of a building since ancient times. In those faraway days windows were frequently produced in shops. While nowadays windows are mostly produced in factories. What are the necessary components of a window? To these belong glass, frames, and sashes. The area of glass in win­dows of different types is determined according to the regulations. For ex­ample, in a modern housing construction the area of a glass should be equal at least to one length of the floor space. Window frame may be solid or cased

Skylight Roof window Fixed Single-hung Double-hung Sliding

Fig. 6

frame carryingthe sashes. As to sash it is a separate light frame that serves for carrying the window glass.

There exist single-hung and double-hung windows. Both of these types possess one or two moving sashes, securely held in tracks in the frame. Sash­es can be fixed or sliding that slide up and down in tracks in the frame. In order to counterbalance the weight of the sashes, double-hung windows are supplied with a system of special springs. Fixed windows are practically im­penetrable: they do not leak air or water; they are wind-proof. But they have their disadvantages: they can be opened only to not more than their size.

Windows may also be placed in roofs. Roof windows may be fixed or openable. Fixed windows are skylights while openable are roof windows.

214. Pair work. Put these questions to your groupmate. I^et her/him answer them.