86. Просмотрите текст, закройте книгу и запишите по памяти

цифровые и фактические данные на английском языке.

87. Сделайте перевод первых двух абзацев текста на слух с английского языка на русский.

88. Переведите с листа два последних абзаца текста.

Lesson 16

Law of Torts

The concept of tort, a wrongfull act among private individuals, exists in most modern systems of law. The word itself means “wrongful” in French, but is used in the most English-speaking common law traditions.

The definitions of many torts closely resemble definitions of crimes. For example, the tort of conversion in English law covers taking, destroying or selling someone else’s goods, as does the crime of theft. When a tort is committed, the same act is often also a crime. But the essential difference between torts and crimes is that the former are the subject of civil law disputes between private individuals, and the latter are prosecuted by the state. Sometimes an individual takes an action in the law of tort because he has been the victim of the crime but has gained no benifit from the criminal prosecution. Sometimes there is no criminal prosecution because the police do not feel they have enough evidence or they feel that the matter is more of a private dispute than one involving public law and order. And sometimes it is difficult to find a criminal law which covers a tortious act. For example, simply entering land without the owner’s permission is not a crime in English law. It is however, the tort of trespass.

The occupier of an apartment, for example, may sue in the tort of nuisance if he is injured by broken glass falling from his neighbour’s _ apartment. But if a visitor is also injured he has no right under this tort and would have to seek another action, such as in the tort of negligence (breach of a legal duty of care).

Under the concept of vicarious liability (liability on behalf of someone else) it may be possible to sue the employer of a person who commits a tort in the normal course of his employment. This may be useful if high damages are being sought, since a defendant cannot be forced to pay more money than he has.

Of course, not every wrong committed in society is remediable in tort; the plaintiff has to show that he has suffered an action recognized as a tortious one, and he must show that his relation to the tortfeaser (committer of the tort) gives him the legal capacity to sue. Nevertheless, the law of tort covers a wide area of wrongdoings which may help those not in a contractual relationship. The tort of nuisance covers many situations where even though no property is taken or trespassed upon, your enjoyment of land is interfered with, for example, by a neighbour who creates too much noise or whose rubbish causes unpleasant smells. The tort of defamation covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word. The tort of negligence |has particularly wide application. Some torts are known as statutory torts — the kind of breach of duty which must be proved is defined in a statute. For example, injury suffered because of defective factoiy equipment may lead to a negligence action regulated by the 1969 Employers Liability Act.

Active Words and Expressions

law of torts — деликтное право tort — деликт; гражданское правонарушение wrongful — противоправный; незаконный tort of conversion — деликт присвоения движимого имущества to be the subject of — быть предметом criminal prosecution — уголовное преследование public law and order — общественный правопорядок ^V’ tortious act — деликтный акт tort of negligence — деликт небрежности

tort of trespass — деликт противоправного нарушения владения

to sue in the tort of nuisance — предъявить иск, основанный на

деликте нарушения покоя

tort of nuisarice — деликт нарушения покоя

legal duty of care — правовая обязанность соблюдать

осторожность

vicarious liability — ответственность за действия других лиц to be remediable in tort — иметь средство судебной защиты по деликту

tortfeaser — правонарушитель; деликтвент

committer of tort — лицо, совершившее деликт

to give smb the legal capacity to sue — давать кому-либо право на

предъявление иска

wrong-doing=wrong — правонарушение; причинение вреда/ ущерба; проступок

contractual relationship — договорные отношения

tort of defamation — деликт диффамации/дискредитации

Employers Liability Act — акт об ответственности нанимателей