Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȖȒ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȐȏȐȒȐ («ȍȌȐȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȓȧ», «ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊșȍȋȖ», (theory of everything (TOE)), ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȦȡȍȑ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ. ǷȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ, ȖȚȘȐȞȈȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȒȖȋȍȘȍȕȚȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȍȍ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌțȚ Ȓ ȥȒȓȍȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȔȍșȐ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ. ǷȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȉȈȏȐș Ȑ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȈ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȖșȤ ȉȣ.

DzȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔț ȔȈșȠȚȈȉț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ, ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚț, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȕȈ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȈșȤ. Ǫ șȐȓț ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȈȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȊȧȏȤ Ȑ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚț, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȐ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȓȐșȤ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȖȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȕȍ ȚȈȒ ȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȈ, ȒȈȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ șȐșȚȍȔȈȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ Ȑ șȘȍȌȈ. ȅȚȖ ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȍȚ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ șȈȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȍȍ șȘȍȌȣ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ – ȥȚȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȍ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ, ȕȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȒȖȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ, Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȕȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȚ șȊȖȦ șȘȍȌț.

Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȚȘȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȍ ȠȒȖȓȣ: ȕȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚȖȊ (neo-reductionists), ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐșȚȖȊ (metaphorticians) Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȖȊ (critical pluralists)1. ǺȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ țșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȕȖ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ.

3.1 ǵȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ

ǵȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚȣ șȚȘȍȔȧȚșȧ ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȤ ȖȉȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȧ țșȐȓȐȧ, ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ. dzȦȉȈȧ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕțȦ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ. ǭșȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ Ȑ ȉțȌțȚ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȣ, ȚȖ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ, ȖȕȐ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȈșȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȈȉșȚȘȈȒȚȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȧȔȖȍ Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȈ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ șȖȔȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ. dzȐȞȈ, ȗȣȚȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒțȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ, ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȢȍȔȖȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ «ȟȐșȚȖȑ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ», ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊ. ǶȚȌȈȊȈȧ ȌȈȕȤ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ, ȕȐ Ȋ ȒȖȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȗȍȘȍȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȑ ȖȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȐ ȌȈȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ.

1 Richardson, Managing Complex Organizations, pp. 18-21

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǵȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȠȐȘȖȒȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȍșȧ ȕȈ ȈȋȍȕȚȈȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ «șȕȐȏț-ȊȊȍȘȝ» (bottom-up agent based modeling)1, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǷȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ șȈȔȖȋȖ ȔȖȌȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǵȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ «ȖȉȖȓȤșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ șȐȓȓȖȋȐȏȔ»2:

ǷȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȈ 1: ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖșȚȖȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȍ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ țșȓȖȎȕȍȕȕȣȔ (complicated) ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȈȔ.

ǷȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȈ 2: ȔȐȘ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȐȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ țșȓȖȎȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȖȊ.

ǪȣȊȖȌ: Ǫ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ ȟȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕȖ țșȓȖȎȕȍȕȕȣȝ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȊ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȓȍȎȈȚ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ, Ȑ țȟȍȕȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȤ Ȑȝ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ, ȔȖȡȕȣȍ ȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȣ.

ǽȖȚȧ șȐȓȓȖȋȐȏȔ ȉȣȓ ȖȗȘȖȊȍȘȋȕțȚ, Ȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȕȖ, ȟȚȖ «ȊȍȘȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȈ ȌȖșȚȖȊȍȘȕȖșȚȐ (ȊȈȓȐȌȕȖșȚȐ) ȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ»3, Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȍȚ Ȋ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒȈȝ. ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȓȍȎȈȚ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈ.

1 Uhrmacher, Adelinde M., Danny Weyns and Pieter Mosterman J. (eds.) Multi-Agent Systems. Simulation and Applications (Computational Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Dynamic Models Series). Boca Raton London New York: Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press Inc, 2009. 12 January 2011.

<http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781420070248.fmatt>;

Ferber, J., O. Gutknecht, F. Michel. “From Agents To Organizations: An Organizational View of MultiAgent Systems,” in Paolo Giorgini et al. (eds.) Agent-Oriented Software Engineering IV, AOSE 2003, LNCS 2935, Springer, pp. 214-230, 2004. 12 January 2011. <http://www.lirmm.fr/~ferber/publications/papers/AOSE03_FerbGutMich.pdf>; Bernon, C., M.-P. Gleizes, S. Peyruqueou, G. Picard. “ADELFE, a Methodology for Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems Engineering,’ in Petta, Paolo, Robert Tolksdorf and Franco Zambonelli (eds.) 3rd International Workshop on “Engineering Societies in the Agents World III” (ESAW 2002), LNCS 2577, Springer pp. 156-169, 2003. 12 January 2011. <http://www.agent.ai/doc/upload/200307/bern02_1.pdf>;

Bresciani, P., A. Perini, P. Giorgini, F. Giunchiglia, J. Mylopoulos. “A knowledge level software engineering methodology for agent oriented programming,” in 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, pp. 648-655, 2001;

Jennings, N. “On Agent-Based Software Engineering,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 117, No 2, 2000, pp. 277-296; Kolp, M., P. Giorgini, J. Mylopoulos. “A goal-based organizational perspective on multi-agent architectures,” In Intelligent Agents VIII: Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, LNAI 2333, Springer, 2002, pp. 128-140;

Sycara, K. P. “Multi-agent Systems,” AI Magazine, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1998, pp. 79-92;

Zambonelli, Franco, Nicholas R. Jennings and Michael Wooldridge. “Developing Multi-agent Systems: The Gaia Methodology,” ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, Vol. 12, No 3, 2003, pp. 317-370. 12 January 2011. http://www.dia.fi.upm.es/~phernan/AgentesInteligentes/referencias/zambonelli03.pdf.

2 Horgan, John. “From complexity to perplexity,” Scientific American, Vol. 272, No. 6, June 1995, pp. 74-79. 12 January 2011. http://econ2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/hogan.complexperplex.htm.

3 ǹȔ., ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Oreskes, Naomi, Kristin Shrader-Frechette and Kenneth Belitz. “Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences,” Science, New Series, Vol. 263, No. 5147, February 4, 1994, pp. 641-646. 12 January 2011. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819940204%293%3A263%3A5147%3C641% 3AVVACON%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O .

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

3.2 ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ

ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ, ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȍ ȧȏȣȒ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ1. ǺȈȒȐȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚȣ, ȒȈȒ «ȒȘȖȔȒȈ ȝȈȖșȈ», ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȧ, ȒȖȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ, șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ Ț.Ȍ., ȗȖȔȖȋȈȦȚ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȈȔ Ȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȈȔ «ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ» ȊȘȖȎȌȍȕȕțȦ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȗȖșȚțȓȈȚȖȔ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȚȖȋȖ, ȗȖȟȍȔț ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȧȏȣȒ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȓȍȒȈȚȤșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ, ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȈțȒȐ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ, ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ȕȈțȒ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝșȐșȚȍȔ, ȕȍȔȖȋțȚȉȣȚȤȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȣȒșȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȔ.

ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȕȖȊȖ, Ȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, șȖșȓȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȒȊȈȕȚȖȊȖȑ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȒȐ Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ Ȟȍȓȧȝ2. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȖȉȖȉȡȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȧȏȣȒȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȋȕȍ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ Ȋ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒȈȝ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ ș ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ. ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȈ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȔ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ ȐȏȖȔȖȘȜȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ. DzȈȒ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ DzȖȓȐȕ ǺȨȘȉȥȑȕ (Colin Turbayne), «ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȌțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ șȔȣșȓȈ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȌȊȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȔȣșȓȈ ȖșȔȣșȓȧȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȣȍ»3. ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ «ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ ȜȐȒȞȐȧȔȐ», ȐȓȐ, ȒȈȒ ȊȣȘȈȎȈȦȚșȧ ȇȕ ǹȚȦȈȘȚ (Ian Stewart) Ȑ ǬȎȍȒ DzȖȥȕ (Jack Cohen), «ȓȖȎȤȦ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȚȍȑ»4, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖȌȊȐȕțȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ.

ǶȞȍȕȒȈ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ țȟȍȕȣȝ-ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȐ- ȒȖȊ, ȎȍȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț «ȎȍșȚȒȐȔȐ» ȔȍȚȖȌȈȔȐ șȊȖȐȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ

1 ǹȔ., ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Lissack, Michael R. “Mind your metaphors: Lessons from complexity science,” Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 294-298.

Lissack, Michael R. “Complexity: The science, its vocabulary, and its relation to organizations,” Emergence, Vol. 1, Issue 1, March 1999, p. 110-126. 12 January 2011. http://www.wu.ac.at/am/Download/ae/Issue_1-1.pdf.

2 ǹȔ., ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, McKelvey, Bill. “What is complexity science? It is really order-creation science,” Emergence, 15327000, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2001, pp. 137-57. 12 January 2011. http://www.econ.tuwien.ac.at/hanappi/E_CO/Vol_3_1/Emergence_3-1.pdf.

3 ǾȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ: Jones, Roger S. Physics as metaphor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982, pp. 3-4.

4 Stewart, Ian and Jack Cohen. Figments of Reality. The Evolution of the Curious Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 37. 12 January 2011. http://www.ebookslab.info/2007/03/28/figments-of-reality-the-evolution- of-the-curious-mind.html.

23

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

«ȔȧȋȒȐȔȐ» ȔȍȚȖȌȈȔȐ ȕȈțȒ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȋțȔȈȕȐȚȈȘȕȣȝ. ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ «ȕȍșȍȘȤȍȏȕȖȋȖ» ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈ, ȕȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ1. ǷȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȕȈțȒȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȞȍȓȤ «țȘȈȊȕȧȚȤ» ȍȍ ș ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȈȔȐ, ȕȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȍȍ șȐȓț, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ. ǵȈțȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ Ȑ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ șȈȔȣȝ țșȗȍȠȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘ, ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȓȐȉȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ. ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ «șȋȓȈȌȐȚȤ țȋȓȣ» Ȑ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșșȈ, șȔȍȡȈȧ ȜȖȒțș ȕȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȖșȚȐ Țȍȝ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘ Ȑ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ «ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȐȏțȦȚșȧ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȈȉșȚȘȈȒȚȕȣȔȐ, ȖȚȘȣȊȈȧșȤ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȒȖȘȕȍȑ Ȋ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȧșȤ Ȑȝ ȚȊȖȘȞȈȔȐ, ȖȕȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȐȌȖȓȈȔȐ»2, ȒȖȋȌȈ «ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȐșȒ, ȟȚȖ [ȟȈșȚȕȈȧ] ȔȖȌȍȓȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ țȊȓȍȟȍȕȕȖșȚȐ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ»3.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȍȍ ȧȏȣȒ ȔȖȋțȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘ, «ȐȔȗȖȘȚ» ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ. ǴȍȚȈȜȖȘȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ «ȐȋȘȈ» Ȋ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȘȈșȠȐȘȐȚȤ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȘȈșȒȘȍȗȖșȚȐȚȤ ȕȈțȟȕțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ Țț ȐȓȐ ȐȕțȦ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘț Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȍȘȤȍȏȕȣȝ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȈȏȣ ȏȈȒȖȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȠȈȋȈ. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ, ȉțȌțȟȐ șȈȔȣȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ șȘȍȌȐ ȚȘȍȝ ȠȒȖȓ, ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ țșȐȓȍȕȈ Ȑ ȗȖȌȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȌȊțȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ.

3.3 ȀȒȖȓȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ

ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȠȒȖȓȣ – ȕȍȖȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐșȚșȒȈȧ, ș ȍȍ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȍȔ «șȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ» șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, Ȑ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȍșȒȈȧ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȡȈȧ ȓȦȉțȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘț Ȑ țȏȈȒȖȕȐȊȈȦȡȈȧ ȘȍȓȧȚȐȊȐȏȔ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, – ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȒȘȈȑȕȐȍ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȦȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȧȔȐ, ȖȕȐ ȕȍșțȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ țȋȘȖȏț ȗȖȚȍȘȐ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȍȕȣ «șȘȍȌȕȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ» (ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȉȣ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȉȈȓȈȕș Ȑ ȒȖȔȗȘȖȔȐșș, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȠȒȖȓ4. ǯȈȌȈȟȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȈ ȘȍȠȐȚȤ ȠȒȖȓȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ.

DzȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȊȣȠȍ, ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ ȉȣ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȐșȟȍȘȗȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ

1 Bradie, Michael. “Science and metaphor,” Biology and Philosophy, Vol. 14, 1999. pp. 159-166, p. 160 2 ǾȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ: Jones, Physics as Metaphor, p. 5.

3 Constandache, G. G. “Models of reality and reality of models,” Kybernetes, Vol. 29, No. 9/10, 2000, pp. 1069-1077, p. 1070.

4 Richardson, Managing Complex Organizations, pp. 20-21.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ț ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȕȍȚ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȤ «ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ»1. ǶȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȜȘȍȑȔȣ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȑ Țȍȝ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȊȕȖșȧȡȐȝ «ȕȈșȚȘȖȍȟȕȣȍ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȣ» (fudge factors), «ȗȖȌȋȖȕȧȦȡȐȍ» ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡțȦșȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȗȖȌ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșțȦȡȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, ȞȍȓȤ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘ.2 ȀȒȖȓȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȐȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ țȏȈȒȖȕȐȊȈȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊțȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȦ ȒȈȒȖȔț-ȓȐȉȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ.

DzȓȦȟȍȊȣȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ ȠȒȖȓȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ «ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ», «ȕȍȗȘȍȌțȉȍȎȌȨȕȕȖșȚȤ» Ȑ «șȔȐȘȍȕȐȍ». dzȦȉȈȧ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧ, ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȑ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȖȔ ȗȘȖȓȐȚȤ șȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔțȦ șȐșȚȍȔț, ȖȉȢȍȒȚ ȐȓȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ, Ȉ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȘȧȎȍȕȐȧ: ȔȍȎȌț ȗȘȐȚȊȖȘșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȖȉȔȈȕȖȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ (șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȋȕȖșȚȐȞȐȏȔȖȔ) Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌȖȔ Ȗ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ (ȈȋȕȖșȚȐȞȐȏȔȖȔ).

4. ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ

4.1 ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȧ

ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ3. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ țșȐȓȐȧ ȗȖ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȐȦ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȖȊ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȗȖȌșȚȍȋȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ4. ǴȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔ, Ȑ, ȗȘȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ, ȖȕȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȚȤșȧ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ, ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȧ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȧ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ, ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȉȖȓȍȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȝȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚț, ȞȍȓȧȔȐȏȈȌȈȟȈȔȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ.

1 Cilliers, Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems, p. 4. Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑȏ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȐșȒȓȦȟȈȦȚșȧȋȕȖșȚȐȞȐȏȔȐȗȘȖȟȐȍȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȠȒȖȓȣȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ.

2 «ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȟȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘ» – ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȐȓȐ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ, ȚȍȘȔȐȕ. ǵȈșȚȘȖȍȟȕȣȑ ȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘ ȊȊȖȌȐȚșȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȕȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ȇȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ «ȗȘȐȕțȌȐȚȤ» ȚȍȖȘȐȦ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊțȦ. «DzȖșȔȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȒȖȕșȚȈȕȚȣ» ȅȑȕȠȚȍȑȕȈ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍȐȏȕȐȝ. .

3 Flood, Robert L. and Michael Jackson C. Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention, New York: John J. Wiley & Sons, 1991.

4 Watson, Heather and Trevor Wood-Harper. “Methodology as Metaphor: the Practical Basis for Multiview Methodology (a Reply to M. C. Jackson),” Information Systems Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1995, pp. 225-231.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ șȐȕȚȍȏ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ, ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ șȚȈȚțș ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȑșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȐ (complexity-based epistemology), ȗȘȐ șȈȔȖȑ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȒȚȖȊȒȍ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȊ «ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ» Ȑ «ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧ». ǰ ȍșȓȐ ǬȎȍȘȈȓȤȌ ǴȐȌȋȓȐ (Gerald Midgley) ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ1, ȚȖ ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ ȐȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȧ, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ țȏȈȒȖȕȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ2. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ (complexity-based analysis) șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȈȘȕȖȋȖ (ȐȓȐ ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ3) șȚȐȓȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ, ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȦȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ, Ȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȌȍȔȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔț, ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȡȍȔț «ȗȘȈȊȈ» ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ. ǺȈȒȈȧ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȈ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȍ, ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȑ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȟȐșȓȖȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ. DzȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȔȖȋ ȉȣșȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤ ȐȐȏȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȝȈȖșȈ ȖȚ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ? DzȈȒ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤșȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ? ǷȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣ ȗȈȘȈȓȓȍȓȐ ȔȍȎȌț șȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈȔȐ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȔȐȊȘȈȔȒȈȝȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ.

4.2 ǪȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ

ǪȣȉȖȘ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȑ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ șȓțȟȈȑȕȣȔ. ǷȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔ ȒȈȒ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȈȧ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȐȚȍȓȍȕ Ȓ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔ4. ǽȖȚȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉțȌțȚ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȔȖȌȍȘȕȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȍȑ, ǮȈȕ-ǼȘȈȕșțȈ dzȐȖȚȈȘ (Jean-Francois Lyotard) Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ «ǹȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȈ» ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ ȒȈȒ «ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍ Ȋ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȐ ȔȍȚȈȕȈȘȘȈȚȐȊȖȊ»5, ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȐȊȈȧ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȕȍȚ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȍȓȧ ȔȍȚȈȚȍȖȘȐȑ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȝ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ.

1 Midgley, Gerald. “Pluralism and the Legitimation of Systems Science,” Systems Practice, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1992b, pp. 147-172.

2 Richardson Kurt A., Graham Mathieson and Paul Cilliers. “The Theory and Practice of Complexity Science: Epistemological Considerations for Military Operational Analysis,” SysteMexico, Vol. 1, No, 1, 2000, pp. 25-66., p. 17

12 January 2011. <http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/milcomplexity.pdf>.

3 Flood, Robert L. “Six Scenarios for the Future of Systems “Problem Solving,” Systems Practice, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1989, pp. 75-99.

4 Taket, Ann and Leroy White. “After OR: An Agenda for Postmodernism and Poststructuralism in OR,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 44, No. 9, 1993, pp. 867-881. 12 January 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2584180>.

5 Lyotard, Jean-Francois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984, p. xxiv.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǷȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȣ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ țșȓȖȊȕȖ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȌȊȈ ȓȈȋȍȘȧ – șȒȍȗȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȐșȚȣ (affirmatives). ǷȘȐȟȍȔ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȠȒȖȓ. ǹȒȍȗȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȠȒȖȓȈ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȈȧ ȜȖȘȔȈ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȏȈȞȐȐ țȉȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȘȍȌțȒȞȐȖȕȐȏȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍșȖȊȔȍșȚȐȔȣ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ, șȓȖȎȕțȦ șȐșȚȍȔț șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȈȍȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ. dzȦȉȈȧ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȏȈȞȐȧ, ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȍșȍȒȈȍȚ ȌȘțȋȐȍ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȖȧșȕȐȚȤ ȌȈȕȕțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ, ǸȈȔȏȍș ǼțȍȕȔȈȑȖȘ (Ramsés Fuenmayor) ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘț șȊȍȚȈ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ. ǵȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȧ șȊȍȚ ȕȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ Ȑȏ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ, Ȕȣ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȉȘȖșȈȍȔ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚț1. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖșȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȐșȒțȘșȈ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȍ ȖȚȟȍȚ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȕȈ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ2. ǶȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒ, ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȑ Ȑ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚȈ, ȓȍȎȈȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȚȍȒțȡȍȋȖ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ. ǩȍȏ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Țȍ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȣȍȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, șȒȍȗȚȐȒȐ ȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȚȖȟȍȒ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ țȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȍșȈ ȐȓȐ «ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ». ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ, Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȒȈȒ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔȍȘȐȍ. ǺȈȒȈȧ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ șȖȏȊțȟȕȈ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ ȖȉșțȎȌȈȍȔȖȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ. ǷȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȏȈȊȐșȧȡȐȔ ȖȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ – ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ șȓțȟȈȧ Ȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȦȚșȧ ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȐȐ Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏț (unanalysable). Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ șȒȖȓȤ țȋȖȌȕȖ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȕȈȑȚȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȗȉ ȐșșȓȍȌțȍȔȖȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȎȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ,

1 Fuenmayor, Ramsés L. “Critical and Interpretive Systems Thinking, I. What is Critique?” Systemic Practice and Action Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, December 1990. pp. 525-544.

2 ǹȔ., ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Newell, Allen. Unified Theories of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990, Ch. 4.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȗȖȘȖȑ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȚȤ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ. ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȕȈțȒȈ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȣȑ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȔȖȋțȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖșȚȐ. ǸȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȑ, ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ, șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘ. ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ, – țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȐșȚȣ1. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ șȖȏȊțȟȕȣ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȠȒȖȓȍ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȟȐȚȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȕȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȚȤ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ. ǶȞȍȕȒȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ ș ȞȍȓȤȦ ȊȣșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȖȘȐȚȍȚȣ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȐ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ.

ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȓ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȦ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ șȓțȎȐȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȌȍȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȐ, ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȕȣȑ ǮȈȒȖȔ ǬȍȘȘȐȌȈ (Jacques Derrida) Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȚȍȒșȚȈ. ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȌȍȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȖȕȐȏȔț, ȚȍȒșȚ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȈȔȐ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȌȍȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȋȍȘȔȍȕȍȊȚȐȒȈ. ǫȍȘȔȍȕȍȊȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ǼȘȐȌȘȐȝȈ ȀȓȍȑȍȘȔȈȝȍȘȈ (Friedrich Schleiermacher), ǪȐȓȤȋȍȓȤȔȈ ǬȐȓȤȚȍȧ (Wilhelm Dilthey), ȊȗȖȓȕȍ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș ȌțȝȖȔ ǷȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȐȧ, șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ ȚȍȒșȚ ȚȈȒ, ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓ ȈȊȚȖȘ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȊȍȘȧȚ Ȋ «ȐȌȍȈȓ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȖȋȖ șțȉȢȍȒȚȈ»2, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȣȊȈȍȚ șȈȔ șȍȉȧ Ȑȏ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȏȈȗțȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ. ǯȌȍșȤ «ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȣȑ șțȉȢȍȒȚ», ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȐȕȖȕȐȔȖȔ «ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧ» ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȑ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȖ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȏȈȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȚȤ ȐșșȓȍȌțȍȔȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ǫȈȌȈȔȍȘ, ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȖșȕȖȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȋȍȘȔȍȕȍȊȚȐȒȐ, ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ, ȟȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ «ȊȣȗȈȌȈȦȡȍȋȖ» Ȑȏ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ. ǴȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȍȑ Ȋ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ, Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ Ȑ ȚȍȒțȡȐȔȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ, șȘȍȌȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǷȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ «ȧ» ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, șȚȈȊȐȚ ȗȖȌ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȚȘȖȋȖșȚȤ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ. ǫȈȌȈȔȍȘ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȦ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȞȍȕȚȘȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ3.

1 Richardson et al, The Theory and Practice of Complexity Science, p. 19.

2 Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Philosophical Hermeneutics. Trans. David E. Linge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976, p. xiv.

3 Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1960, pp. 274-275. ǹșȣȓȒȈ ȗȖ Richardson et al, The Theory and Practice of Complexity Science.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, șȔȣșȓ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȍȒșȚȖȊ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȌȐȈȓȖȋȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȐȔ ȚȍȒșȚȖȔ, ȕȍȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȣȔ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ (ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ, ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ) Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ. ǬȍȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȌȗȐȚȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȜȈȒȚȈȔȐ, ȐȔȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȥȒșȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȣȔȐ ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ, Ȉ ȗȖȘȖȑ Ȑ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȚȍȒșȚȈ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȘȈȊȕȍȕȈ Ȓ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȔț ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ, Ȉ Ȋ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȋȍȘȔȍȕȍȊȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȠȒȖȓȈȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȈȊȚȖȘ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȖșȚțȗȈ Ȓ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȔț ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȦ ȚȍȒșȚȈ. ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ ȒȈȒ ȚȍȒșȚ ȐȓȐ ȕȈȘȘȈȚȐȊ (narrative), ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȐȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȗȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȊȖȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖȍȋȖșȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȒȓȖȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȐȧ ȐȗȘ. ȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȕȈ ȗțȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ǷȖȌȝȖȌ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȖșȚȔȖȌȍȘȕȐȏȔȈ Ȑ ȋȍȘȔȍȕȍȊȚȐȒȐ ǫȈȌȈȔȍȘȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕ Ȓ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȦ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȐ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȍȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ. ǷȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȌȐȈȓȖȋ, ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ Ȗȕ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ, ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȐȕȍȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣȐȗȘ.

4.3 ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ

ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȔ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ, ȧȏȣȒȈ. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȓȐȕȍȑȕțȦ (ȔȍȝȈȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ) Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕțȦ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȉțȌȍȚ țȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȓȍȍ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȖȋȓȈȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȊȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȋ ȏȈȉȓțȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȖ-ȘȈȏȕȖȔț. ȅȚȖ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȣȔ, ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ ȧȏȣȒȈ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȗȘȐȏȔț șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ.

ǶȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȧȏȣȒț ȒȈȒ Ȓ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ – șȍȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ șȍȚȤ, Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȓȖȊț Ȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕț șȚȈȊȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓ, ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ, ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ șȓȖȊȈ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ țȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȍșȈ Ȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȕȖ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȍȚȐ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȖȚ ȍȋȖ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ, ȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ. ǽȖȚȧ ȥȚȖ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ ȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖ, ȕȖ ȧȏȣȒ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ Ȋ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȑșșȓȍ-

29

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ «ȊȐȌȐȚ»1. ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȖȋțȚ șȓțȎȐȚȤ șȚȘȖȋȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȧȏȣȒȖȊȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȧȏȣȒ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȈ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ șȘȈȊȕȍȕȐȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȝ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȊ Ȑ șȓȖȊ. DzȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȥȗȖȝ, ȒțȓȤȚțȘ ȐȔȍȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ2. ǹȔȣșȓ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȊ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍșȖȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȣȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍșȖȗȖșȚȈȊȐȔȣ, Ȋ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ, ȗȖșȒȖȓȤȒț ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȍȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȍȚȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ Ȋ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕțȦ șȍȚȤ. ǵȍșȖȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȖșȚȤ, ȕȍșȖȗȖșȚȈȊȐȔȖșȚȤ ȐȕȌȐȊȐȌțȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȧȏȣȒȖȊ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȈȧșȧ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕțȦ ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȐȔȖșȚȤ. ǹȍȔȈȕȚȐȒȈ șȓȖȊ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȈ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȑ țșȗȍȠȕțȦ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȦ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȕȍ ȒȈȒ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ, ȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȚȈȜȖȘȐȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșș.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ țȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȖșȚȤ șȚȖȘȖȕ, ȟȚȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȧȏȣȒ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȔ Ȓ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ. ȆȘȋȍȕ ǽȈȉȍȘȔȈș ȏȈȝȖȌȐȚ ȚȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ, ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ «ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ – ȥȚȖ ȖșȖȉȣȑ șȓțȟȈȑ ȕȍȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ, ȖșȖȉȈȧ ȘȈȏȕȖȊȐȌȕȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȍȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ»3. ǷȖȘȖȑ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȕȍȌȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȣ Ȑ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ, ȗȖȘȖȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȖȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȕȖȋȓȈșȐȑ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕ. ǬȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ șȗȖȘȣ ȔȍȎȌț ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȒȖȕȜȍșșȐȧȔȐ ȗȖ ȌȖȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈȔ. ǰșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȈȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȐȕȚȍȏȖȔ ȌȊțȝ – ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȑ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ, Ȑ ȕȍȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȍȑ ȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȦ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȈȝ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ.

5.ǷȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ Ȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ

5.1ǫȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȑ Ȑ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ

ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȍȚ Ȑ ȓȍȋȐȚȐȔȐȘțȍȚ ȖȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ Ȑ ȘȈȊȕȖȗȘȈȊȐȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. ǰ ȍșȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ ȜȖȒțșȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȖȚȕȖșȧșȤ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȔ, ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ. DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ Ȋ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȣȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȚȕȣȝ șȊȖȑșȚȊ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ. ǵȈȗȘȐ-

1 Maturana, Humberto R. “Reality: The Search for Objectivity or the Quest for a Compelling Argument,” The Irish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1988, pp. 25-82. 12 January 2011. http://www.enolagaia.com/M88Reality.html.

2 ǩțȘȉȈȒȐ ǵ. ǶȟȍȘȒȐ ȗȖ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȒȐ/ ǷȍȘ. ǰ. ǫ. ǩȈȠȔȈȒȖȊȖȑ ȗȖȌ ȘȍȌ. Dz. Ǩ. ǸȣȉȕȐȒȖȊȈ. – Ǵ.: DzȖȔDzȕȐ-

ȋȈ, 2007.

3 Habermas, Jurgen. On Pragmatics of Communication. Edited by Maeve Cooke, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998, p. 387.

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