Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȔȍȘ, ȍșȓȐ Ȍȓȧ ȉȐȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȒȓȍȚȒȐ – ȗȍȘȊȐȟȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȚȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȚȕȣȝ șȊȖȑșȚȊ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȍȋȖ, ȔȖȓȍȒțȓȧȘȕȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ.

ǽȖȚȧ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȖȊ ȕȈțȒȐ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ț ȕȐȝ ȍșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȑ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ǺȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ ȊȕȖșȐȚ șȊȖȑ ȊȒȓȈȌ Ȋ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕȚȖȔ, ȖȗȘȈȊȌȣȊȈȦȡȐȔ ȍȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «țȏȒȖȔ», ȒȊȈȏȐȖȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔ, ȕȖ ȚȖȎȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖȔ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȍ ȖȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȑ (ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ) Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ țȝȖȌȧ ȖȚ ȌțȘȕȖȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ1. «ǯȌȍșȤ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȔ ȉȣȚȐȐ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȈ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȑ, ȒȈȎȌȖȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȥȔȗȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖ Ȋ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ, Ȑ ȕȐ ȖȌȕȖ, ȌȈȎȍ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ, ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȏȈȧȊȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ “ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȔȐȘȈ”»2. ǴȈȏȈȕȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȎȍ «ȕȍșȖȊȔȍșȚȐȔȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȚȤ Țȍ Ȏȍ șȈȔȣȍ ȜȈȒȚȣ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȣ»3. ǷȘȈȑș ȐȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ, ȊȊȖȌȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ: «ȔȖȋțȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȌȐȕȈȒȖȊȖ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȈțȟȕȣȔȐ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȓȐȕȋȊȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȥȚȖ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ țȔȍșȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ»4.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ. ǪȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȧșȤ Ȓ ǷȘȈȑșț: «ǭșȓȐ ȥȚȐ [ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȌȐșȒțȘșȣ] ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȓțȟȈȍȔ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ, ȒȈȒȖȊ Ȏȍ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ? ȅȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȟȚȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍșȖȒȘȈȚȐȔțȦ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȚȐȗȖȊ ȌȐșȒțȘșȖȊ – ȒȈȒ ȔȖȘȈȓȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ. ȅȚȖ ȚȖȚ ȊȐȌ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ Ȕȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȏȈȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȕȣ»5. ǷȘȈȑș ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȐșȒțȘșȐȊȕȣȔ. ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȖȋȓȈșȐȚȤșȧ ș ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȌȐșȒțȘșȖȊ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȍ, ȥȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȚșȧ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȣȔȐ Ȑ țȔȍșȚȕȣȔȐ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ.

1 Richardson, The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences, p. 646.

2 Price, Huw. “Metaphysical pluralism,” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 89. No. 08, 1992, pp. 387-409, p. 389. 12 January 2011. http://www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/preprints/metapluralism.html.

3 Masani, Three modern enemies of science, p. 279.

4 Price, Metaphysical pluralism, p. 389.

5 Ibid, p. 390.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

5.2 DzȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȐȓȐ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, Ȋ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȐșȒțȘșȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȒȖȋȍȘȍȕȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȖȋȓȈșȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ șȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȈȧ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ «ȐȌȖȓȖȗȖȒȓȖȕșȚȊț ȐȓȐ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ». ǫȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȖȌțȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ șȗȖșȖȉȖȊ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ, ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȧȔȐ1. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ (evolutionary philosophy)2, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ «ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȕȖȑ» ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȐȓȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ Ȓ ȟȈșȚȕȖȔț ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȐȈȓȖȋ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȘȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȐȗȖșȚȈșȐ: ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ (ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ), ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ, șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ; ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ; Ȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȕȖȍ ȞȈȘșȚȊȖ ȐȌȍȑ, ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȑ, ȚȍȖȘȐȑ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. ǪȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȐȗȖșȚȈșȧȔȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ, Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓ ȒȈȎȌȖȑ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȗȘȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȈ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȐȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖșȕȖȊȍ.

ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ (quasi-critical pluralism)3. ǷȘȍȌȐȒȈȚ «ȒȊȈȏȐ-» ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕ ȗȖȌȟȍȘȒȕțȚȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ Ȑ ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȣȔ. DzȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȚ ȖȚ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȕȈ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ, Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȐȒȈȒȖȋȖ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖ ȖȌȕȖȏȕȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȒȈȒȐȝȓȐȉȖ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ, ȚȍȖȘȐȑ ȕȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕțȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȍ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȘȈșȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȡȐȑ, ȒȈȒ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȖ șȒȈȏȈȕȖ ȊȣȠȍ, ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȍ ȒȖȘ-

1 ǹȔȖȚȘȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈ Jackson, Michael C. and P. Keys. “Towards a system of systems methodologies,’ Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 35, No. 6, 1984, pp. 473-486;

Flood, Robert L. “Total systems intervention (TSI): a reconstitution,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 46, No. 2, 1995, pp. 174-191. 12 January 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2583987>;

Midgley, Gerald. Systemic Intervention: Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Press, 2000.

2 Richardson, The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences, p. 646.

3 Richardson, Kurt A. “On the status of natural boundaries: a complex systems perspective,” Proceedings of the Systems in Management 7th Annual ANZSYS Conference, November 27-28, 2001, pp. 229-238. 12 January 2011. http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/JASSS_complexitymodelling.pdf.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȘȍȓȐȘțȦȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ ș ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ. DzȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȒȘȈȑȕȐȔȐ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧȔȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ Ȑ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔȈ. ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȜȐȒșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȊȖȖȉȡȍ ȕȐȒȈȒȐȝ, ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ Ȋ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȐȔȍȦȚ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ. ǶȕȐ ȗȖȘȖȑ șȚȖȓȤ șȓȈȉȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ Ȑȝ ȗȘȖșȓȍȌȐȚȤ, ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȚȈȒ șȐȓȤȕȣ, ȟȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȦȚ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȖȑ. ǶșȕȖȊȕȖȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȒȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ șȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȥȒșȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȖ ȖșȖȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ. ǸȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȒȊȈȏȐȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȖȔ Ȑ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔȖȔ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȔȐȘ șțȉșȚȈȕȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ, ȋȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑ ȗȘ. ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ, ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȔ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ.

6. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ

ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȐșȈȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔț ȒȈȒ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȑșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȔȍȚȖȌȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȧȌ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȝșȧ:

x ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ;

x ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȖȔ;

x ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧȔȐ – ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ1.

ǷȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒȐȝ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șțȎȌȍȕȐȑ Ȗ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ, șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǪȘȧȌȍșȓțȟȈȍȊ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȔȐ, ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȎȍȏȈȊȐșȧȡȐȔȐ ȖȚ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ-ȗȖȌ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȒȈȒ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ. ǸȈșșȍȓ ȅȒȖȜȜ (Russell Ackoff) ȊȊȖȌȐȚ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ «ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȈȧ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ»2 Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȜȈȒȚȈ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȖȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȧ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș (ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȊȣ ȞȍȓȤ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ), ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖȑ. ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍ-

ȕȐȍȌȍȓȈȍȚȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȍȐȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȋȘȈȕȐȞ.

1 Richardson et. al, The Theory and Practice of Complexity Science, pp. 32-34.

2 Ackoff, Russell L. Creating the Corporate Future. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1981.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȕȐȦ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȐ ȌȍȜȐȕȐȚȐȊȕȖȑ (ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ) ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȊ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ, Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȓȍȟȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ, ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ. ǵȖȊȈȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȗȖȖȡȘȧȍȚ Ȑ ȓȍȋȐȚȐȔȐȘțȍȚ ȘȈȊȕȖȗȘȈȊȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȐȝșȧ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ, Ȋȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȓȦȟȖȔ Ȓ țșȗȍȠȕȖȔț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȦ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȌȐȈȓȖȋ Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ. ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ țȏȈȒȖȕȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ.

ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȖȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȐ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȣ șȚȐȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȎȍșȚȒȐȍ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȞȐȐ

ȐȔȍȚȖȌȣ, ȊȍȌțȡȐȍ Ȓ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȍ. ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘțȧ ȈȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ (atheoretical) ȗȘȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȦ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤ șȈȔ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ șțȎȌȍȕȐȑ, ȊȣȉȖȘȈ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ Ȑ ȗȘ. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȒȖȋȍȘȍȕȚȕȣȑ «ȔȍȚȈȕȈȘȘȈȚȐȊ», ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȈțȒȖȑ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ, ȘȍȔȍșȓȖȔ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔȣȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ, ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȒȖȕȚȍȑȕȍȘȣ ȐșȚȐȕȣ.

ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǻȔȉȍȘȚȖ ǴȈȚțȘȈȕȈ (Humberto Maturana), «șȈȔȣȑ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș, ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȚȖȐȚ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȖ, – ȊȖȗȘȖș ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ», Ȑ «ȥȒșȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȣȑ Ȑ ȐȔȗȓȐȞȐȚȕȣȑ ȖȚȊȍȚ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȌȈȍȚ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȈș ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖș Ȗ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ, ȒȈȒ Ȗȕ ȐȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ, ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚ ȐȓȐ ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȋ șȍȚȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍșȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȗȕ ȐȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȐȕȚȍȋȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ»1. ǷȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ, ȗȖȌȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȧ Ȓ ȖȉȏȖȘț șȚȘțȒȚțȘ, ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ Ț.Ȍ., ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȝ ȉȍȏ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȈȎȍ șȈȔȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ «șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ» ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤșȧ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȦ, Ȉ ȕȍ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ șȈȔȖ șȖȉȖȑ ȘȈȏțȔȍȦȡȐȔșȧ.

ǷȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȠȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȥȒșȒțȘș ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȚȍȏȐșȈ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ

ȐȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȈȧșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȧ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ Ȏȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ, șȊȍȌȧ Ȓ ȒȖȋȍȘȍȕȚȕȣȔ ȜȘȍȑȔȈȔ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȌȕȖȔț ȔȍȚȈȜȘȍȑȔț, ȊȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ ș ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔȐ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȐȎȐȔȣȔ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ș ȗȘȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȓȍȏ-

1 Maturana, Reality: The Search for Objectivity or the Quest for a Compelling Argument.

34

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȕȣ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȧ ȜȖȒțș ȐȓȐ ȐșȝȖȌȕțȦ ȚȖȟȒț Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ. ǭșȓȐ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȊ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȈ ȒȘȍȈȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ, ȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ țșȐȓȐȧ Ȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ.

ǩȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȗȣȚȖȒ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ «ȔȍȚȈȜȘȍȑȔȖȊ», ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȕȍȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȐ ȗȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȓȐșȤ Ȋȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ «ȖȜȐȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ» ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǹȘȍȌȐ ȕȐȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ țȗȖȔȧȕțȚȤ: ȋȘțȗȗț ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȗȖ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȋȘțȗȗȖȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ1, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ șȐșȚȍȔ2, ȐȕȚȍȘȊȍȕȞȐȦ ȗȖȓȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ3 Ȑ ȌȘ. Ǭȓȧ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȣȝ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȍ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ, ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȕȕȐȍ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ǽȈȉȍȘȔȈșȈ, ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ǴȐȠȍȓȧ ǼțȒȖ Ȑ Ț.Ȍ. ǽȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȈșșȖȞȐȐȘțȦȡȐȝșȧ ș ȕȐȔȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȕȈȑȚȐ ț ǴȐȌȋȓȐ4. ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȍșȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȔ ȌȖ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȔ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȍȍ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ.

1 Vennix, Jac A. M. Group Model Building: Facilitating Team Learning Using System Dynamics. Chichester, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1998.

2 Jackson, Towards a system of systems methodologies.

3 Flood, Creative Problem Solving: Total Systems Intervention; Flood, Total Systems Intervention (TSI): A Reconstitution.

4 Midgley, Gerald. “Mixing Methods: Developing Systemic Intervention,” in Mingers, John and Anthony Gill (eds.). Multi-methodology: The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies. Chichester, England: J. Wiley & Sons, 1997a, pp. 291-332.

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II. ǶǹǵǶǪǵȃǭ ǷǸǰǵǾǰǷȃ ǰ ǯǨDzǶǵȃ ǺǭǶǸǰǰ ǹǰǹǺǭǴ ǹDzǪǶǯȄ ǷǸǰǯǴǻ ǵǨǻDzǰ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ

ǰșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȚȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘțȦȚ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȓȈșȚ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ, Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǬȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȓȖȎȕȖ șȒȈȏȈȚȤ, ȟȍȔ ȥȚȖ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȖ – ȗȘȍȌȗȖȟȚȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ, ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȝ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ ȥȚȖ șȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȠȈȋ, ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț ȕȖȊȖȑ ȕȈțȒȖȑ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȕȣȔȐ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȔȐ. DzȈȒ ȗȐȠȍȚ ǹȚȐȊȍȕ ǼȍȓȈȕ (Steven Phelan), Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ «ȒȈȒ țȌȐȊȓȍȕ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȔțȡȍȕ, ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȊ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȑ ȔȈșșȐȊ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ [șșȣȓȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ șȐșȚȍȔ], ȜȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȑ Ȋ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ»1.

ǷȖȔȐȔȖ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȧ, ȔȍȎȌț ȌȊțȔȧ ȕȈțȟȕȣȔȐ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈȔȐ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧ, ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȘȖȈȕȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ2. ǵȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȧȝ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ, ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȗȘȖȕȐȞȈȍȔȣȍ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȍ3. ǴȍȎȌț Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȖȉȡȐȝ ȟȍȘȚ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ, ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ Ȋșȍ, ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ/ȏȈȒȖȕȣ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ ȗȘȈȊȖȔȍȘȕȣ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǷȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȐȎȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȧ. ǰșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȔȖȕȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ dzȈȘșȈ ǹȒțȚȚȕȍȘȈ (Lars Skyttner) «ǶȉȡȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ: ȐȌȍȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ»4.

1. ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ

ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔț ȏȈȒȖȕț ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ, ȓȦȉȈȧ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȦ, Ț.ȍ. Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȍȘȍȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȗȓȈ ȖȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȈȋȘȍȚȣȝ Țȍȓ Ȓ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȕȈȋȘȍȚȣȔ. ǬȘțȋȈȧ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ: «ǷȘȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ Ȋ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ șȈȔȖȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ (ȔȍȘȈ ȝȈȖȚȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍțȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȖșȚȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ) ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȍȚ», ȐȓȐ

1 Phelan, Steven E. “A note on the correspondence between complexity and systems theory,” Systemic Practice and Action Research, Vol. 12, No 3, 1999, pp. 237-246.

2 Ibid.

3 Richardson Kurt A. “Systems theory and complexity: Part 1,” Emergence: Complexity & Organization, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2004, pp. 75-79; p. 75. 12 January 2011. http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/ECO/ECO_other/Issue_6_3_10_FM.pdf. 4 Skyttner, Lars. General systems theory: Ideas and applications. Singapore, London, Hong Kong, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2001.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

«ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȧ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȔȈȒșȐȔțȔț». ǪȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚșȧ Ȗ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȐ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕț ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȔȕȐȔȖȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȏȈȔȒȕțȚȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȋșȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȍȓȧ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ.

ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȏȈȒȖȕȈȔȐ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔȐ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȑ. ǺȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȈ ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȍȚ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȈȔȐ Ȑ ȔȈȒȘȖȗȈȘȈȔȍȚȘȈȔȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȧ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ șȘȍȌȕȍȍ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ ȔȍȘȣ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȒȈ Ȍȓȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȏȈȗȘȍȡȈȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȓȖȒȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȓȈșȚȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȌșȐșȚȍȔ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑȏ ȝȈȖșȈ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȡȈȧ ȥȕȚȘȖȗȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȍȚ ȘȈșȚȐ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȏȈȒȖȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔț ȕȈ ȔȈȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȍ, ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȔȐ, ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȔȐȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȧ. ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕ ȌȈȓȍȍ, ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȦȚ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȕȣȝ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈȝ, ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ Ȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȦȘȐșȌȐȒȞȐȍȑ1. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȍȓȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȚȍȘȔȖȌȐȕȈȔȐȒȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȉțȌȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤșȧ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ.

2. ǯȈȒȖȕ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ

ǯȈȒȖȕ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ (complementary law) Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȣȍ ȌȊȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ (ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȔȖȌȍȓȐ) șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ șȐșȚȍȔȍ, ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȗȖȓȕȍ șȖȊȔȍșȚȐȔȣ2. ǼȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: șȓȖȎȕȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ – ȥȚȖ șȐșȚȍȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȊȈ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ. ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȦȚ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȗ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȝ, ȕȍȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȡȐȝșȧ, ȕȖ Ȑ «ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȡȐȝ» ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧȝ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ3. ǵȐȒȖȓȈș ǴȈȒșȊȍȓȓ (Nicholas Maxwell) Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȍ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȕȈțȒȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ: «dzȦȉȈȧ ȕȈțȟȕȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ, ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȈ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȈ ȥȔȗȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȍ ȟȐșȓȖ ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȚȈȒȖȑ Ȏȍ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȈȏȖȑ, ȕȖ ȌȍȓȈȦȡȐȝ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȣ

1 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 1, pp. 75-76. 2 Weinberg, An Introduction to General Systems Thinking.

3 Richardson, Managing Complex Organizations, p.17.

37

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȒȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȝ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȊ»1. Ǫ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȏȈȒȖȕ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ șȓțȎȐȚ ȖșȕȖȊȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ, ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔȈ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȔ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ.

3. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ șȐșȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ (system holism principle), ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, șȈȔȣȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈȝ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖ «ȊȕȍȠȕȍȔ ȔȐȘȍ», țȝȖȌȧȡȐȑ ȒȖȘȕȧȔȐ Ȓ ǨȘȐșȚȖȚȍȓȦ, Ȑ ȍȋȖ «ȞȍȓȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ șțȔȔȈ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȍȑ». ǩȖȓȍȍ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȏȊțȟȐȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȣȔȐ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȐ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȍȍ ȟȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ. ǿȈșȚȐ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȔ»2. ǽȖȓȐȏȔ – ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȕȣȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȑ ȚȖȚ ȜȈȒȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȕȈȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȔȐȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ șȊȖȑșȚȊ ȕȈ ȔȈȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚȉȣȚȤ ȊȣȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔȍȘȕȖșȚȍȑ ȔȐȒȘȖțȘȖȊȕȧ. Ǫ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝȧȏȣȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȍȑ (vertical emergence)3.

ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚ ǨȘȐșȚȖȚȍȓȧ, ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ «ȞȍȓȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ șțȔȔȈ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȍȑ» ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖȑ. Ǫ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȥȚȖ ȒȈșȈȍȚșȧ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈ «ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȟȍȔ», ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȈ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȈȧ șȘȈȊȕȐȊȈȚȤ ȞȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȕȖ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ șȊȍȌȍȕȖ Ȓ ȟȈșȚȧȔ. ǽȖȓȐȏȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȐ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȍȑ șȘȈȊȕȐȊȈȚȤ ȞȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȐ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȍșȖȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȣȔȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔȐ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȑ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ «ȞȍȓȖȍȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ șțȔȔȣȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȍȑ ȐȐȝȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ»4.

ǪȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ «ȞȍȓȖȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ șțȔȔȈ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȍȑ» ȗȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȞȍȓȖȍȕȍȔȖȎȍȚȉȣȚȤȗȖȓțȟȍȕȖȐȏȟȈșȚȍȑ, ȚȍȔȕȍȔȍȕȍȍȖȕȖșȖșȚȖȐȚ ȐȏȥȚȐȝȟȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, ȍșȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȟȈșȚȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ «ȗȖșȟȐȚȈȕȣ», ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȚȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ ȗȖȌȘȣȊȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ «șȠȐȊȈȕȐȧ» ȟȈșȚȍȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. DzȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȐȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȈȧ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȈ, țȌȈȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȤ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȖȓȕȖȑ.

1 Maxwell, Nicholas. “A new conception of science,” Physics World, Vol. 13, No. 8, August 2000, pp. 17-18. 12 January 2011. <http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/full/pwa-pdf/13/8/phwv13i8a18.pdf>.

2 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 92.

3 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 1, p. 76. 4 Ibid, pp. 76-77.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȞȍȓȣȔ, ȕȍșȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȈșȚȤ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȗ șȐșȚȍȔȍ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ «ȔȖȓȍȒțȓȣ șȓȖȎȍȕȣ Ȑȏ ȈȚȖȔȖȊ» ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȖ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ șȈȔ ȈȚȖȔȈȘȕȣȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȍȑ, ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȔȖȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȜȐȓȤȚȘȈ – ȚȍȖȘȐȐ. ǹȈȔȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȊȐȌȍ ȈȚȖȔȖȊ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȍȑ, Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȖȕȖ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȈȔȖȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȑșȚȊȈ ȔȖȓȍȒțȓ. DzȈȒ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ, ȌȈȕȕȣȍ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȝȐȔȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ, ȕȍ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȜȐȏȐȒȐ, ȟȚȖ ȖȗȘȖȒȐȌȣȊȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșș «țȕȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȕȈțȒ» Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȔȍȎȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȈȘȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȗȘȐȐȏțȟȍȕȐȐșȓȖȎȕȣȝȧȊȓȍȕȐȑȐȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ.

4.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ

ǪȕȈțȒȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗț ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ (darkness principle) Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȍȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ «ȕȐȒȈȒȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȈ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ»1. ǷȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ, ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȗȘȧȔȣȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ/ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȈȔȈ șȐșȚȍȔȈ, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ ȐȋȕȖȘȐȘțȦȚ Țȍ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȍ ȍȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ. ǷȖȓ ǹȐȓȓȐȍȘș ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ ȍȡȍ Ȗȉ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȍ «ȚȍȔȕȖȚȣ» șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ: «DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȕȍ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕ Ȗ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ, ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȈ ȍȔț ȓȖȒȈȓȤȕȖ. ȅȚȈ ȚȖȟȒȈ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȎȐȏȕȍȕȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȈ. ǭșȓȐ ȉȣ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ “ȏȕȈȓ” ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ ș șȐșȚȍȔȖȑ, ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȣȔ, ȚȖ Ȋșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȍ»2. ǵȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȊȕțȚȘȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉțȌțȚ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȕȐ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȥȚȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȑ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ țȟȍșȚȤ Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȔ ȖȉȢȍȔȍ ȜȈȒȚȖȘ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȘȍȌȣ ȗȘȐȊȍȌțȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȔȖȌȍȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȋșȍȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȈȔ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ.

5.ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ «ȊȖșȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ-ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ»

ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗț «ȊȖșȍȔȤȌȍșȧȚ-ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȤ» (eighty-twenty principle) Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ 80% ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ 20% ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȚȖȓȤȒȖ 20% ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȐșȚȍȔȣ țȟȈșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȐ-

1 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 93.

2 Cilliers, Complexity and Postmodernism – Understanding Complex Systems, pp. 4-5.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ1. ǶȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȓȐ ȥȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȟȐȍ 80% ȔȖȎȕȖ țȌȈȓȐȚȤ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȖȗȚȐȔȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȊȣșȐȊ ȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ? ǶȚȊȍȚ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȕȍȚ. ǹȐșȚȍȔȕȣȑ «ȉȈȓȓȈșȚ» ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȍȚ ȊȈȎȕțȦ șȚȈȉȐȓȐȏȐȘțȦȡțȦ ȜțȕȒȞȐȦ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ șȐșȚȍȔȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȕȍȗȘȍȌȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȧȝ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȍșȓȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȈ ȔȍȕȍȌȎȍȘȖȊ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ țȌȈȓȐȚȤ 80% șȖȚȘțȌȕȐȒȖȊ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȕȈȌȍȧșȤ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȊȣșȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ, ȖȕȈ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȚ, ȟȚȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȊȍșȚȐ Ȑȏ ȘȈȊȕȖȊȍșȐȧ2. ǰȓȤȧ ǷȘȐȋȖȎȐȕ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕțȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȍȑȕȍȘȍ (self-contained organization), Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȗȕ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ, – ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȍȘțȚ ȕȈ șȍȉȧ șȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ȅȒȊȐȊȈȓȍȕȚ ȒȖȕȚȍȑȕȍȘȈ șȈȔȖȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȋ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ, ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș ȚȍȔ, ȟȚȖ șȓȈȉȣȍȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ șȘȍȌȣȕȍȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȖȔ ȍȍȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ3.

6. ǯȈȒȖȕ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ

ǯȈȒȖȕ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ (law of requisite variety) ǻȐȓȤȧȔȈ ȅȠȉȐ (William Ashby) ȋȓȈșȐȚ: «ǿȚȖȉȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȐșȚȍȔȖȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȧ ȊȖȏȔțȡȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȊȝȖȌȍ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔț»4. ȅȠȉȐ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȣȘȈȏȐȓ șȊȖȑ ȏȈȒȖȕ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȏȋȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ: «...ȊȍȓȐȟȐȕȈ ȘȍȋțȓȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖ ȐȓȐ șȍȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȔȖȏȋ, ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȔȖȡȕȖșȚȤȦ ȒȈȒ ȒȈȕȈȓȈ»5. ǷȖȘȖȑ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȊȈȘȐȈȞȐȐ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȅȠȉȐ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȖȘȍȔȈ DzȖȕȈȕȈ-ȅȠȉȐ (Conant-Ashby Theorem): «DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȝȖȘȖȠȐȑ ȘȍȋțȓȧȚȖȘ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȚȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ»6.

ǹțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ, ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ǹȚȥȜȜȖȘȌȖȔ ǩȐȘȖȔ (Stafford Beer): «ǨȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ

1 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 1, pp. 77-78. 2 Richardson, Systems theory and complexity: Part 1, p. 79.

3 Ibid, p. 79.

4 Ashby, William Ross. An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall. 1957, pp. 83-99. 12 January 2011. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/introcyb.pdf.

5 Ashby, William Ross. “Principles of the self-organizing system,” in H. Von Foerster and G. W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.) Principles of Self-Organization: Transactions of the University of Illinois Symposium. London: Pergamon Press, 1962, p. 274; 12 January 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/2309861/Principles-of-the-SelfOrganizing-System-Ashby;

Ashby, William Ross. “Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems,” Cybernetica, No 1, 1958b, pp. 83-99. 12 January 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/946711/Requisite-Variety-and-Its-Implications-for- the-Control-of-Complex-Systems-Ashby.

6 Skyttner, General systems theory, p. 96.

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