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UNIT 5. LESSON 2

Exercise 1. Запомните чтение гласных в безударном слоге.

a,o,u - [q]	capable, data, machine, difficult, purpose, computer
i,y - [I]	discipline, city, limit, digit, principle, memory
e - [q]	system, problem, user, perform, number, component
\ [I]	electronic, reserve, mechanical, economic, reside

Exercise 2. Поставьте глагол в нужной форме группы Perfect.

1.Computers (to change) our lives. 2. They (to become) very useful in routine work.

3.The installation of computers already greatly (to increase) the efficiency. 4. By 1958 transistors (to reduce) a computer to the size of a desk. 5. The University certainly (to develop) a translating machine by that time. 6. The results not (to save) yet. 7. All the operations (to perform) before the professor came. 8. The problem (to solve) by the next week. 9. Efficiency greatly (to increase). 10. Computers widely (to use).

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения в Perfect.

1. All the necessary information had already been fed into the machine. 2. Has the problem been calculated by the computer? 3. Great changes have been made since the 1940s. 4. Personal computers have been designed for a wider application of computing techniques. 5. The experiment will have been finished by 5 o'clock. 6. The research team will have designed this device by the end of the year. 7. The engineer hasn't tested the new apparatus yet. 8. I have never read such an interesting article before. 9. He will have completed the experiment by tomorrow. 10. He had worked at this device much long before he came to work here.

Exercise 4. Сравните предложения в Indefinite и Perfect.

Active: 1. The computer processes data every day. The computer has processed data by the moment. 2. The computer processed data last week. The computer had processed data by the evening yesterday. 3. The computer will process data in a minute. The computer will have processed data before we come.

Passive: 1. Necessary data are processed every day. Necessary data have been processed recently. 2. The data were processed yesterday. The data had been processed before the professor came. 3. The data will be processed tomorrow. The data will have been processed by the next experiment.

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Запомните следующие слова.

	ACTIVE VOCABULARY
appear	[q'piq]	появляться
complexity	[kqm'pleksIti]	сложность
general	['dZenrql]	общий, основной
root	[rHt]	корень
regard	[rI'gRd]	считать, относиться
permit	[pq'mit]	позволять
user	['jHzq]	пользователь
computation	[,kOmpjH'teiSn]	вычисление
behaviour	[bI'heivjq]	поведение
enable	[In'eibl]	позволять
obtain	[qb'tein]	получать
approximate	[q'prOksImIt]	приблизительный
ease	[Jz]	легкость
include	[In'klHd]	включать
typically	['tipIkqlI]	обычно
consist (of)	[kqn'sist qv]	состоять из
principal	['prinsqpql]	главный, основной
core	[kL]	сердечник
contents	['kOntqnts]	содержание, содержимое
available	[q'veilqbl]	доступный
enter	['entq]	вступать, входить
reservoir	['rezqvwR]	резервуар, хранилище
storage	['stLridZ]	память, хранилище
reside	[rI'zaid]	находиться
simulation	[,simju'leiSn]	моделирование
actual	['xktjuql]	действительный
component	[kqm'pounqnt]	составная часть
dynamics	[dai'nxmIks]	динамика
motion	['mouSn]	движение
variation	[,vFqri'eiSn]	изменение

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Exercise 5. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

course, complexity, type, centre, combination, fundamental, mass, compensate, actual, simulation, component, biological, economic, dynamics, variation, principal, reservoir, magnetic, cube, finance, financial, economical, object, objective, subject, subjective.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его со словарем.

5A. GENERAL-PURPOSE AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS

The first electronic computers appeared in 1945. In the course of half a century scientists learned to solve problems of great complexity using these machines. Electronic computers can be classified into two general types: general-purpose computers and special-purpose machines.

General-purpose computers are electronic machines that do all types of arithmetical computation - add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root. In addition, general-purpose computers are capable of performing a large number of other operations. A generalpurpose computer can be regarded as a data-processing centre.

From a machine point of view, a general-purpose computer is a combination of devices. From the functional point of view, it is a system which permits the user to process data for a large number of purposes. General-purpose computers can be further classified according to size and the speed of computation.

Special-purpose electronic computers are limited either to the type of computations they can make or to the functions they can perform. Special computation is applied to solving the behaviour of any system. Some kind of special computation enables the engineer to obtain approximate solutions to his problems with a speed and ease.

Apart from cases that include simulation with actual components, any mechanical, electrical, biological or even economic system dynamics involving motion or variation in time may be studied.

The accuracy of operation of any special-purpose computer is much below than that of a general-purpose computer, but there are several compensating advantages that special-purpose machines possess.

A computer memory of both types typically consists of two principal components: a core memory, whose contents are very readily available to enter into logical or arithmetical computations, and a larger reservoir of stored information, or "mass storage", usually residing on magnetic tapes or discs.

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Exercise 6. Прочтите следующие слова:

appear, learn, solve, classify, add, subtract, multiply, divide, root, regard, perform, process, limit, apply, obtain, involve, include, enter, reside.

Exercise 7. Найдите в тексте английский эквивалент.

В течение, большой сложности, вдобавок, можно считать, с точки зрения машины, согласно (по), или ... или, приблизительные решения, быстро и легко, компенсирующие преимущества, кроме случаев, намного ниже, быстро доступна, находящиеся на дисках.

Exercise 8. Выберите нужное слово в скобках.

1. The first computer (created, appeared) in 1940s. 2. Their problems were of great (complexity, stability). 3. Electronic machines can do all the (functions, types) of computation. 4. Computers are capable of (performing, solving) various operations. 5. This system permits the user to (count, process) data. 6. Computation enables the engineer to (give, obtain) solutions to the problems. 7. The (accuracy, exactness) of operation is a great advantage. 8. There are some cases that (include, consist of) simulation with actual components. 9. Mass storage usually (involves, resides) on magnetic discs. 10. A computer memory consists of two principal (parts, roles).

Exercise 9. Закончите предложения.

1. Scientists learned ... 2. Electronic computers can be classified ... 3. A generalpurpose computer can be regarded ... 4. A general-purpose computer permits ... 5. Special-purpose computers solve ... 6. Special computations enable ... 7. Some cases include ... 8. A computer memory consists of ... 9. Contents of a core memory enters ...

10. 'Mass storage' resides ...

Exercise 10. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the first electronic computers appear? 2. How long did the scientists learn to solve complex problems with the help of computers? 3. What kind of computers can do all types of arithmetical computations? 4. How can we generally regard generalpurpose computers? 5. What are the two main viewpoints on them? 6. Who needs to process data for a large number of purposes? 7. What limits special-purpose computers? 8. Which computers are more exact? 9. In what cases cannot system dynamics be studied? 10. What are the two main parts of a computer memory?

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Exercise 11. Прочитайте и переведите следующие прилагательные:

cultural, political, national, mechanical, physical; pneumatic, atomic, basic, electronic, academic; active, constructive, attractive, protective, progressive; various, dangerous, famous, numerous, prosperous; pleasant, constant, magnificent, present, important.

Exercise 12. Переведите предложения c Perfect.

1.Scientists have learned how to solve a very complicated problem using a computer.

2.The computer has already done all the computations. 3. The research team had completed the testing of a new device. 4. The computer has been addressed with a series of instructions. 5. The arithmetical calculation had been followed by the logical analysis. 6. Computers will have been widely applied by the next decade. 7. The engineer hadn't finished his design before the inspectors came. 8. The problem hasn't been solved yet. 9. They had processed the data yesterday by 5 o'clock. 10. The problem has been divided into several parts. 11. Computers will have been combined with a TV camera before the experiment starts. 12. Electronic computing systems will have been taught to translate any languages by the end of the current decade. 13. The accuracy of operation has compensated all the failures. 14. Special computations have enabled the engineer to obtain needed results. 15. The system dynamics has been studied recently.

Exercise 13. Переведите предложения со служебными словами.

1. The capacity of this computer is as large as the capacity of that one. 2. As to the procedure, you can start it. 3. All computations begin as you feed the data into the machine. 4. As the experiment was very complex, they had to consult a specialist. 5. This science has been known since the 1950s. 6. We could not finish our work since we had no necessary devices. 7. What have you been working at since I saw you last? 8. That he agreed to help in computing was quite natural. 9. She said that she would help us. 10. The question that was discussed yesterday was very important. 11. This is the text that you have to translate. 12. For years computers have assisted humans. 13. We cannot carry out the experiment for we cannot find the necessary units. 14. This new machine has been working for twelve hours without stopping. 15. This problem is not difficult for the computer.