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UNIT 8. LESSON 2

Exercise 1. Запомните правила чтения согласных букв:

centre, cylinder, space, necessity, place, call, cut, contract, acquire, become, physics; see, several, scope, desk, tests, plans, activities, fields; gave, go, good, guidance, great, general, change, range; exhibition, express, extremely, extra, exact, exam, example, exotic; just, job, joke, juice; tell, press, connect, comment.

Exercise 2. Переведите определительные словосочетания:

research laboratory; laboratory research; temperature limit; limit temperature; metal surface; surface metal; transformation energy; energy transformation; speed flight; flight speed; world industry; world trade; world trade system; power sources; power sources development; power sources development system; power sources development problem; invention project; computer design; computer calculation power; automation and telemechanics faculty; electronic devices and apparatus department; pulse form; machine operation; computer unit; numbers and instructions store; circuit connections; measurement unit system; computer science; engineering branch; power station design; air transport system development; space body; space station.

Exercise 3. Переведите, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

1. I would like to ask for your help. 2. You are the only person she would listen to. 3. One laser beam could carry radio, TV and telephone signals simultaneously. 4. I wish I had studied French instead of English. 5. I wish you had translated the article yesterday. 6. It is necessary that you should follow the instructions. 7. It is requested that students attend lectures and seminars. 8. The scientist insisted that the experiments should be repeated. 9. He suggested that the meeting be held as soon as possible. 10. They felt as if they had done something wrong. 11. The teacher looked at us as though she had never seen us before. 12. In order that hardware may be used effectively software is needed. 13. Students will carry out experiments so that they may be ready for research work in future. 14. Students must work hard lest they should fail at the examination. 15. Whoever may support this plan, I will object. 16. We’ll be glad to see you whenever you come.

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Запомните следующие слова.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

mechanization	[,mekqnI'zeiSn]	механизация
go on	['gou 'on]	продолжать
steadily	['stedIlI]	неизменно
lathe	[leiD]	токарный станок
loom	[lHm]	ткацкий станок
set	[set]	устанавливать
maintain	[mqn'tein]	обслуживать, поддерживать
load	[loud]	нагружать
burden	['bWdn]	груз, бремя, работа
gradually	['grxdjuqlI]	постепенно
handle	['hxndl]	обращаться,транспортировать
install	[In'stLl]	устанавливать
lighten	['laitn]	облегчать
remove	[rI'mHv]	замещать, устранять
transfer	['trxnsfW]	передавать, перемещать
series	['siqriqs]	ряд, серия
rapidly	['rxpIdlI]	быстро
ordinarily	['LdnqrIlI]	обычно
define	[dI'fain]	определять
entire	[In'taiq]	весь, целый
step	[step]	шаг
finished	['finISt]	конечный, отделанный
goods	[gudz]	товары, изделия
assembly	[q'semblI]	сборка
go wrong	['gou 'roN]	испортиться
for instance	[fqr'instqns]	например
wear out	[wFqraut]	изнашиваться
vast	[vRst]	обширный
quality	['kwOlItI]	качество
product	['prOdqkt]	продукт, продукция

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Exercise 4. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

textile, product, production, giant, special, vary, variant, variety, mechanization, mechanize, automation, automatic, automatically, revolution, industrial, operation, operator, machine, series, process, correct, control, temperature.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его со словарем.

8A. ADVANCED MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION

Mechanization has been going on steadily since long before the Industrial Revolution, and a few of the early lathes and looms were so highly automatic that their operators were left with only the skilled work of setting and maintaining them and the unskilled work of loading and unloading them.

What has happened since then is that more and improved machinery of this kind has gradually been installed, while the burden of loading, unloading and handling between operations has been lightened and in some factories almost completely removed.

There are many good examples of highly automatic machinery today - the textile machines used in many processes, and the automatic lathes and transfer-machines used in engineering. The transfer-machine is perhaps the best example; it is really a series of machine-tools, each doing one operation automatically. The handling of goods in factories has already been mechanized.

"Automation" is a special word for special purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly.

Recent steps in automation have followed each other with unusual speed. Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become completely automatic.

Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization - transfer-machines in engineering, machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly.

Machines of this kind are automatic in that they do actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong - when, for instance, tools wear out.

But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

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Exercise 5. Прочтите следующие слова:

means, lathe, loom, machinery, machine, transfer-machine, machine-tool, device, unit, apparatus, equipment, instrument, mechanism, appliance.

Exercise 6. Найдите в тексте английский эквивалент.

Происходила стабильно, задолго до, немногие из первых станков, квалифицированная работа, еще больше, возможно, серия станков, автоматическое средство, более узко, не более чем, сами по себе, когда бы ни, например, время от времени.

Exercise 7. Закончите предложения.

1. Mechanization has been going on steadily since ... . 2. The operators of the early lathes and looms were left with ... . 3. The burden of loading, unloading and handling ...

. 4. The transfer-machine is a series of ... . 5. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control ... . 6. Recent steps in automation have followed ... 7. Automation includes ... . 8. Machines of this kind are automatic in ... . 9. The operators only watch ...

. 10. Control is necessary in a vast number of ... .

Exercise 8. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Токарные и ткацкие станки были значительно автоматизированы. 2. Операторы выполняли только квалифицированную работу. 3. Погрузка, разгрузка и транспортировка между операциями были облегчены. 4. Автоматизация - это специальный термин, используемый для специальной цели. 5. В химической промышленности все процессы полностью автоматизированы. 6. Автоматические токарные станки используются в промышленности. 7. Автоматическое оборудование изготавливает конечный продукт. 8. Механическое оборудование применяется для транспортировки и сборки. 9. Загрузка и разгрузкаэто неквалифицированная работа. 10. Установка и обслуживание станковэто квалифицированная работа.

Exercise 9. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the process of mechanization begin? 2. What skilled work did operators perform? 3. What unskilled work had workers to do? 4. What operations have been lightened due to mechanization? 5. What are the examples of highly automated machinery? 6. What is a transfer-machine? 7. What is automation? 8. What sides does automation have? 9. How do automatic machines do their work? 10. Why is control necessary?

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Exercise 10. Определите часть речи по суффиксу и переведите слова:

adaptation, appearance, approximately, availability, basically, capability, certainly, classification, communicative, comparable, computational, connection, container, correspondence, consistence, continuation, continually, connective, changeable, independent.

Exercise 11. Переведите предложения с цепочками определений.

1. The space age demands are to solve nonlinear control system problems. 2. The control engineers have to know digital computer capabilities and analog machine limitations. 3. The new equipment ratio is growing in the control equipment development. 4. Automatic control system operates the modern jet airplane engine. 5. One of the control system applications is the high precision control devices design. 6. These are inertial guidance instruments. 7. Another control system use is the manufacture-controlling equipment design. 8. You must study modern complex control functions. 9. The new instruction list directs the machine system. 10. The spaceship contains the instrument compartment. 11. Speed calculations were done yesterday. 12. Control appliances, orientation systems and radio antennas will be installed on the outer surface of a spacecraft. 13. What is the spaceship position in relation to the Earth? 14. The program installation would take too much time. 15. There are numerous buttons and switches on the control panel.

Exercise 12. Переведите предложения с глаголами to be и to have.

1. The data are in the memory. 2. This computer is hybrid, and that machine is, too. 3. A hybrid computer is a combination of digital and analog ones. 4. These data are to be carefully processed before comparing the results. 5. This experiment is to be carried out again, as well as that one is. 6. What is automation? 7. It is a process in which work is done with minimum human intervention. 8. It is important that the design of automatic system should be a principal concern of an engineer. 9. In recent years control systems have been rapidly advancing. 10. The control engineer has to master the necessary technique. 11. Man has more free time using the automatic equipment than people had before. 12. An engineer has to have deeper knowledge of computers. 13. We have used this instrument in the research several times. 14. Have automatic controls been introduced into production? 15. Sensitive devices had been used before he began working at them.