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UNIT 3. LESSON 1

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ Indefinite Active

Действие происходит в настоящем, прошлом или будущем независимо от определенного момента времени (констатация факта).

Present Indefinite Active

- Действие регулярное, повторяющееся;

- обстоятельства времени: usually, always, sometimes, often, every day;

- утверждение:	I,we,you,they ask.	He,she,it asks.
- вопрос:	Do I,we,you,they ask?	Does he,she,it ask?
- отрицание:
	I,we,you,they do not ask.	He,she,it does not ask.

- переводится глаголом настоящего времени.

Past Indefinite Active (2-я форма гл.)

-Действие произошло в законченный период времени;

-обстоятельства времени: yesterday, two days ago, last month;

- утверждение:	I,we,you,they,he,she,it asked.
- вопрос:	Did I,we,you,they,he,she,it ask?
- отрицание:
	I,we,you,they,he,she,it did not ask.

- переводится глаголом прошедшего времени.

Future Indefinite Active

-Действие непременно произойдет в будущем;

-обстоятельства времени: tomorrow, in two days, next month;

-утверждение: I,we,you,they,he,she,it will ask.

- вопрос:	Will I,we,you,they,he,she,it ask?
- отрицание:
	I,we,you,they,he,she,it will not ask.

- переводится глаголом будущего времени.

(В придаточных предложениях после союзов if/when вместо формы Future Indefinite употребляется форма Present Indefinite.)

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ Indefinite Passive be + Participle II (3-я форма гл.)

Страдательный залог указывает на то, что предмет или лицо, являющееся подлежащим, подвергается действию.

John asked a question. - The question was asked by John.

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Present Indefinite Passive

- утверждение:	I am asked.	He,she,it is asked.	We,you,they are asked.
- вопрос:	Am I asked?	Is he,she,it asked?	Are we,you,they asked?
- отрицание:
	I am not asked.	He,she,it is not asked.	We,you,they are not asked.

- способы перевода: Houses are built here. Дома строят/строятся здесь.

Past Indefinite Passive

- утверждение:	I,he,she,it was asked.	We,you,they were asked.
- вопрос:	Was I,he,she,it asked?	Were we,you,they asked?
- отрицание:
	I,he,she,it was not asked.	We,you,they were not asked.

- способы перевода:

The house was built last year. Дом был построен/построен/построили … .

Future Indefinite Passive

-утверждение: I,we,you,they,he,she,it will be asked.

-вопрос: Will I,we,you,they,he,she,it be asked?

-отрицание: I,we,you,they,he,she,it will not be asked.

-способы перевода:

The house will be built next year. Дом построят/будет построен/будет строиться … .

- Для указания, кем производится действие, используется предлог by, чем - with.

The work was done by John. (Джоном) The test was written with a pen. (ручкой)

Exercise 1. Переведите, обращая внимание на время сказуемого.

1. I took this book from the library last week. 2. I wanted to read this book in the original. 3. She often helps you with maths. 4. He usually spends his holidays on the seaside. 5. They will go to the theatre next Sunday. 6. We understood English speakers when we were in England. 7. I don't know where the library is. 8. We will discuss this film after classes. 9. He did not tell me how to use that dictionary. 10. They will return the books on Saturday.

Exercise 2. Переведите и определите время сказуемого.

1. Some weather sputniks will be launched this year. 2. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was established in 1725. 3. Atomic energy is used for peaceful purposes. 4. Last year a scientific expedition was sent to the North Pole. 5. The book is divided into ten chapters. 6. An interesting problem will be discussed at the next lecture. 7. The experiments will be conducted next Monday. 8. Much time is given to the study of the

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new methods. 9. The lectures on mathematics are attended by all the students. 10. He was asked many questions at the examination.

Exercise 3. Сравните пары предложений.

1. He published his new article in this journal. Many new articles are published in this journal. 2. We use new materials in our research work. Various materials will be used in our research. 3. Programmers write new programs for computers. Different new programs are written by specialists. 4. The plant produces steel of high quality. Iron and steel are produced from iron ore. 5. This plant provides very accurate instruments. Our lab will be provided with all the necessary instruments.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

1.Подлежащее переводится косвенным падежом: This book was given to me. Эту книгу мне дали.

2.Послелог за сказуемым в страдательном залоге при переводе ставится перед подлежащим:

The design of the new house was much worked at.

Над проектом нового дома много работали. (См.с.200.)

3.При переводе английских глаголов, не требующих послелога, но нужных в русском языке, появляющийся предлог ставится перед подлежащим:

All the questions were answered __ after the lecture.

На все вопросы ответили после лекции. (См.с.200.)

Exercise 4. Сравните сказуемое в действительном и страдательном залогах.

1. The teacher asks the students many questions. The students are asked many questions. 2. He told them an interesting story. He was told an interesting story. 3. She visited her friends. She was visited by her friends. 4. They will show us an interesting laboratory. We will be shown an interesting laboratory. 5. The students listened to his speech attentively. His speech was listened to attentively. 6. I'll give you a good book. I'll be given a good book. 7. They will show us a new film tomorrow. A new film will be shown to us tomorrow. 8. We'll answer all the questions. All the questions will be answered at the lesson. 9. Several young men joined the excursion. The excursion was joined by several young men. 10. The lecture will follow the seminar. The lecture will be followed by the seminar.

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Exercise 5. Переведите предложения, начиная перевод с предлога.

1. Good books are always referred to. 2. The new book was not spoken about. 3. Modern buildings are always looked at with interest. 4. Every object is acted on by the gravitation force. 5. The secretary was sent for. 6. The plan was carefully worked at. 7. The poem was much spoken about. 8. He was listened to with great pleasure. 9. All his questions were answered. 10. The theory will be followed by experimental work. 11. The delegates were addressed in English. 12. The new problem will be dealt with next month.

СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

основа гл.,сущ. + -age = сущ.:	ton (тонна) - tonnage (тоннаж)
store (хранить) - storage, short	(не хватать) - shortage, cover (покрывать) -

coverage, link (связывать) - linkage, pilot (пилот) - pilotage

основа гл.,сущ. + -ism = сущ.: течение, учение, направление terror (террор) - terrorism (терроризм)

nationalism, tourism, darvinism, conservatism, idealism, professionalism

основа прил. + -ness = сущ.: dark (темный) - darkness (темнота) lightness, deepness, freshness, kindness, brightness, whiteness

-ure - сущ.: culture (культура)

literature, manufacture, architecture, lecture, pleasure, picture, sculpture

-ics - сущ.: раздел науки, знаний physics (физика) mechanics, automatics, statics, dialectics, synthetics, optics

МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ do

1)Смысловой глагол "делать": I do my homework.

2)Вспомогательный глагол в Present Indefinite Active: Do I do my homework?

3)Усиление действия: I do come at 7. Я действительно приду в 7.

4)Заменитель глагола: We speak English and they do.

СЛОВА-ЗАМЕСТИТЕЛИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

the former (первый), the latter (последний из двух названных)

Употребляются, когда два понятия или объекта сравниваются в предложении:

Andrew and John are brothers, the former is dark-haired and the latter is blond. (the former - Andrew, the latter - John)

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Exercise 6. Переведите предложения.

1. Do they speak German? 2. You don't understand French. 3. I do speak English. 4. He writes letters to his friend, and she doesn't. 5. The students of group 11 write a test paper today, and those of group 12 do too. 6. Don't you see the mistake? 7. Does he study physics? 8. This method does provide necessary results. 9. Jane and Julie are sisters, the latter is more beautiful. 10. Gold and silver are precious metals. I like the former better. 11. I don't know what to choose: cheese or ham. The latter is tastier, I think. 12. I've read a detective story and a thriller. The former was dull and the latter was interesting.

	III ТИП СЛОГА
	гласный + r: car, turn
a [R]	bar, far, partner, article, farm, charm, starter, chart, smart, arm
e,i,y,u [W]	fur, firm, convert, circuit, purple, birth, bird, her, server, nurse
o [L]	lord, north, norm, born, forth, former, formal, shortly, storm, nor

ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

утвердительное: подлежащее сказуемое дополнение обстоятельство \___определение___/

I read

English books every day.

Ячитаюанглийские книги каждый день

общий вопрос:		Do	I	read	English	books	every day?
специ-	What	do	I	do	-	-	every day?	(read) - к сказуемому
альный	What	do	I	read	-	-	every day?	(books) - к	дополнению
вопрос: What books do			I	read	-	-	every day?	(English) - к	определению
	When	do	I	read	English	books?		(every day)-к обстоятельству
			Who reads		English	books	every day?	(I) - к подлежащему

Exercise 7. Задайте общие и специальные вопросы к предложениям.

1. He is often asked at the English lessons. 2. Such questions are not usually discussed at our meeting. 3. He was given an American magazine yesterday. 4. I was offered some interesting work at a new lab. 5. They showed him the modern equipment of their lab. 6. They spoke much about the research work at the conference. 7. The article will be discussed tomorrow. 8. Some important research work was carried out by a group of students last year. 9. When something is difficult for students they are helped by the teacher. 10. Many people visit our library.