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UNIT 11. LESSON 1

GERUND (ГЕРУНДИЙ)

Герундий - неличная форма глагола, оканчивающаяся на -ing и объединяющая свойства существительного и глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Герундий имеет временные и залоговые формы.

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Gerund	writing	being written	одновременное действие
Perfect Gerund	having written	having been written	предшествующее действие

ГЕРУНДИЙ - ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ

Стоит в начале предложения, перед ним нет других частей речи. Переводится существительным в именительном падеже или неопределенной формой глагола.

Reading is my best rest. Чтение (читать) - мой лучший отдых.

ГЕРУНДИЙ - ЧАСТЬ СКАЗУЕМОГО

Стоит после глаголов to be, to begin, to continue, to finish.

Their task is studying.	Их задача - учиться/учеба.
He finished speaking.	Он закончил говорить.

ГЕРУНДИЙ - ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ

Стоит после глагола-сказуемого и переводится существительным в винительном падеже или неопределенной формой глагола. Сложные формы переводятся придаточным предложением.

He likes reading books.	Ему нравится читать (чтение) книги.
He mentioned having read it.	Он упомянул, что читал это.

ГЕРУНДИЙ - ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ

Употребляется с существительным и может стоять до или после определяемого слова. Если стоит справа, то употребляется с предлогомof, for или другим предлогом и переводится существительным или инфинитивом:

the method of producing - метод производства

an instrument for measuring - прибор для измерения

Если стоит слева, то употребляется без предлога и по форме совпадает с причастием. Различие в том, что причастие указывает на действие, выполняемое существительным, а герундий на назначение предмета, обозначенного существительным:

the working man - работающий человек (причастие) the working place - рабочее место (герундий)

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ГЕРУНДИЙ - ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВО
Употребляется с предлогом и стоит в начале или					в	конце		предложе.
Переводится существительным с предлогом, деепричастием или придаточным
предложением.
Upon landing on a planet the spacemen...			1) После высадки			на	планету
космонавты... 2) Высадившись на планету, космонавты... 3) После того, как
космонавты высадятся на планету,...
Для выражения времени используются предлогиon (upon) (по, после, при), after
(после), before (перед), in (в	то время	как, при); причины -			for (за), owing to
(благодаря, из-за); образа	действия -	by	(путем,	при	помощи);		других
обстоятельств - besides (кроме), instead		of (вместо),		without	(без),	apart		from
(помимо), in spite of (несмотря на).

Exercise 1. Назовите предложения, содержащие герундий-подлежащее.

1. Reading this new English article he used dictionaries. 2. After reading the magazine he gave it to me. 3. Reading aloud is useful for you. 4. While reading my report he asked me some questions. 5. When playing the piano she was singing some melodies. 6. Playing the piano is pleasant. 7. After playing chess they went to the cinema. 8. Speaking foreign languages is very important for every cultured man. 9. Travelling by train you see much. 10. Seeing is believing. 11. Flying is better for long journeys but travelling by car is more interesting. 12. Smoking is not allowed in this building.

Exercise 2. Переведите предложения с герундием-дополнением.

1. The girl likes dancing. 2. My grandmother likes being read newspapers. 3. The student is proud of having passed his exams well. 4. The scientists were interested in using this device in their research. 5. His friend remembers having been visited by you. 6. I thank you for visiting me. 7. I am afraid of coming late. 8. I remember having put that book on the shelf. 9. I remember having shown her the letter. 10. Science requires experimenting.

Exercise 3. Назовите сочетания, содержащие герундий-определение:

1. a sleeping child; 2. a sleeping car; 3. the melting point; 4. the melting metal; 5. an operating instruction; 6. an operating device; 7. a reading hall; 8. a reading student; 9. a driving force; 10. a driving car; 11. the landing speed; 12. the landing airplane; 13. writing paper; 14. a writing student.

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Exercise 4. Переведите предложения с герундием-определением.

1. Is there any possibility of finding a suitable program so soon? 2. I like the idea of spending my vacation in the Crimea. 3. We have an opportunity of visiting this museum. 4. Flying costs are high now. 5. The melting point of silver is 960.5ºC. 6. She found the materials needed in the reading hall. 7. The working area of this robot is rather small. 8. The rate of producing this material is low. 9. The calculating speed is very high. 10. You can read the information in the operating manual.

Exercise 5. Назовите номера предложений, где герундий - обстоятельство.

1. By conducting the experiment we obtained interesting results. 2. When testing the new device he used this equipment. 3. Before leaving the laboratory he switched the light off. 4. Making a complex experiment the student solved many problems. 5. On applying pressure we changed the volume of the gas. 6. Upon receiving my letter he left for Moscow. 7. In discussing the problem we used some new data. 8. You will never speak good English without learning grammar. 9. Using this program you speed up the process. 10. He improved his report by changing the end.

Exercise 6. Переведите предложения и определите функцию герундия.

1. After being addressed by many people he answered their questions through TV. 2. The boiling temperature of steel is high. 3. Reducing the use of fuel is one of the most important problems. 4. She remembered having been given the reference book. 5. He insisted on being sent to Moscow. 6. All metals expand upon heating. 7. Without investigating this phenomenon the specialists cannot get good results. 8. We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. 9. When do you think of going there? 10. Living is fighting.

Exercise 7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на ing-формы.

1. The monument needs restoring. 2. The monument of what century are you restoring? 3. The monument of what century is being restored? 4. The experts restoring the monument were provided with all modern techniques. 5. With the help of a magnet we can hold two huge metal plates together without tying them up. 6. He pointed out that the assembling time of apparatus was very short. 7. The policemen were informed of having been awarded for the brilliant operation. 8. The committee studied the problem of improving the bus service in the town without increasing the number of buses operating on the routes. 9. Increasing population of the world changes the face of the earth. 10. Heating the substance at high temperatures may change its properties. 11. Being heated to high temperatures the substance expanded considerably. 12. The substance was being heated for three hours.

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ПРИСТАВКИ СО ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ ПРЕДШЕСТВОВАНИЯ, ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТИ

pre- war (военный)	prewar (довоенный)
post- war (военный)	postwar (послевоенный)
НАХОЖДЕНИЯ МЕЖДУ ЧЕМ-ЛИБО, ВЗАИМНОЙ СВЯЗИ
inter- act (действовать)	interact (взаимодействовать)
ПОВТОРЯЕМОСТИ ДЕЙСТВИЯ, ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ЕЩЕ РАЗ
re- write (писать)	rewrite (переписать)
ОБЩНОСТИ, СОВМЕСТНОСТИ, ВЗАИМНОСТИ
co- operation (операция)	cooperation (кооперация)
ПРЕДЫДУЩЕГО СОСТОЯНИЯ
ex- champion (чемпион)	ex-champion (экс-чемпион)

Exercise 8. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на приставки:

preschool, precondition, post-school, postdate, interdependent, international, rebuilt, reassemble, co-produce, coauthor, ex-boxer, ex-minister.

МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТЬ -ing

1)Participle I: reading - читающий, читая

2)Герундий: reading - чтение, читать

3)Отглагольное существительное (показатели: артикль, -s, предлог of после): the reading of the text - чтение текста

4)Смысловая часть сказуемого в Continuous: I am reading - Я читаю.

5)местоимение: everything, something

6)прилагательное: interesting

7)уменьшительный суффикс существительных: duckling

Exercise 9. Переведите предложения.

1. Our University has 8 buildings. 2. I have done everything you asked. 3. That's not a very interesting film. 4. We were discussing the plan all the meeting. 5. What are you doing here? 6. While visiting our city you can go sightseeing. 7. He stood at the table looking at me. 8. The car going at a high speed was stopped by a policeman. 9. He went out of the room without looking at me. 10. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 11. The duckling broke its leg. 12. On coming to the lab he began testing the devices. 13. The readings on the scale were done automatically. 14. The task will be the reading of the text.

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ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ

Повторите правила чтения:

чтение гласных в открытом типе слога, закрытом типе слога, III и IV типах слога, безударном слоге, буквосочетаниях;

чтение согласных букв, буквосочетаний.

Exercise 10. Прочитайте слова:

lengthen, investigate, convenient, considerable, reference, equation, strictly, informal, embrittlement, continuous, entrance, Australian, reversible, strengthen, efficient, graduate, separate, separation, density, densely, combustion, aqueous, electromotive, glorify, number, facilitate, facility, adviser, calculate, utilize, excellent, typist, encouragement, justify, suitable, opportunity, conventional, resemblance, conductivity, numerous, essential, expensive, extremely, Chinese, satisfy, creature, courage, moisten, softly.

	СОЧИНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СОЮЗЫ
		and; but; or; whereas
		и, a; но; или; тогда как
Соединяют	однородные	члены	предложения	или	сложносочин
предложения.

Exercise 11. Переведите предложения.

1. There were some books and a paper on the table. 2. He finished his work and the data were published. 3. My father is strict but fair. 4. I came early but nobody met me. 5. What do you prefer: cheese or ham? 6. You should do the task today or tomorrow or we'll not be able to continue solving the problem. 7. We know everything about computer's memory whereas human memory has been largely unknown. 8. Brains use many slow and imprecise channels whereas computers use few and speedy ones. 9. You and I are good friends. 10. You don't know me, but I know you.