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UNIT 7. LESSON 1

TENSES (СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН)

ACTIVE VOICE (ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ)

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	work(s)	is working	have worked	have been working
Past	worked	was working	had worked	had been working
Future	will work	will be working	will have worked	will have been working
Future-in-the-Past	would work	would be working	would have worked	would have been working

PASSIVE VOICE (СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ)

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	am/is/are done	am/is/are being done	have/has been done		\
					используются
Past	was/were done	was/were being done	had been done
					формы Perfect
Future	will be done	\ используются	will have been done
		/ формы Indefinite			/
Future-in-the-Past	would be done		would have been done

THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

Действие находится в процессе целый период времени до какого-то момента; оно может быть закончено к этому моменту или продолжаться.

Exercise 1. Переведите предложения в Perfect Continuous.

1. You have been reading this text for 20 minutes. 2. By 2015 scientists will have been studying this problem for over 10 years. 3. He had been learning English for five years before he passed the exam. 4. She has been studying at the University for two years. 5. They have been working at the problem for a long time. 6. It has been raining since the morning. 7. I haven't been playing the piano for a year. 8. What have you been doing all this time? 9. It made us realize how much she had been doing for us for years. 10. Doctor says that the illness will have been lasting for some days before they take him to the hospital.

THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST TENSES

Действие произойдет в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего; мом употребляется в косвенной речи, когда сказуемое главного предложения стоит в

Past.

Exercise 2. Переведите предложения с Future-in-the-Past.

1. She said she would do it herself. 2. Did you think you would be back in time? 3. He said he would be waiting for her at that time the next day. 4. She thought that while they were watching TV she would be cooking a cake for them. 5. I said I should have

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come back by the evening. 6. We thought that she would not even have begun her homework by 6 o'clock. 7. I thought that you would have finished your work by the end of the month. 8. We thought that by that time he would have been waiting for us for almost three hours. 9. He said that before sunset they would have been making the experiment for two hours. 10. I said we should have been working at that material for a month at the end of the next term.

Exercise 3. Скажите, какой залог вы бы употребили при переводе.

Все было упаковано, чемодан закрыт, и мы сели подождать Джеймса. Вдруг Джон сказал, что он забыл положить зубную щетку. Мы решили посмотреть, но ключ потерялся. Прошло немало времени, прежде чем чемодан был открыт. Оказывается, щетка была положена раньше, чем мы положили полотенце. Чемодан вновь был закрыт, но когда мы посмотрели на часы, оказалось, что поезд уже ушел. На следующий день была полученателеграмма от Джеймса, который очень удивился, что мы не пришли на станцию. Он ждал нас в буфете.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Passive.

1. When visitors come to our city, they are shown all the interesting places. 2. When you ask for a pencil, you are given it. 3. When somebody needs help, he is usually helped. 4. When you see a good example, you are influenced by it. 5. When the student asks a question at a lesson, he is answered by the teacher. 6. What things are looked at with pleasure: ugly or fine ones? 7. Brick houses are often met with in a modern city. 8. What is waited for at a railway station: a train or a bus? 9. Music is listened to at a concert. 10. A doctor is sent for by sick people. 11. A bus is waited for at a bus stop. 12. Students are taught a foreign language at every university.

Exercise 5. Переведите словосочетания и определите время глагола.

1.was discovered three years ago; were obtained last week

2.had been determined by 1950s; had been computed by last month

3.has already been formulated; have been recently calculated

4.will be conducted tomorrow; will be required next week

5.was being calculated for an hour; were being produced for years

6.it is developed; it was developed; it will be developed

7.the process has been finished; the process has to be finished

8.the questions were answered; the questions were to be answered

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Exercise 6. Вставьте глагол в нужном времени.

1. We (finish) this work tomorrow. This work (finish) tomorrow. 2. They (speak) much about the film. The film (speak) much about. 3. The letter (send) to him last week. My parents (send) me a letter last week. 4. The magazine (bring) in a few days. They (bring) the magazine in a few days. 5. A lot of people (visit) the museum every year. The museum (visit) by many people every year.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES (СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН)

1)	Pres.Cont.		2)	Past Cont.
	Pres.Ind.			Past Ind.
Pres.	Past Ind.		Past	Past Perf.
Ind.	Pres.Perf.		Ind.	Past Perf.
	m.v.(Pres.)			m.v.(Past)
	Fut.Ind.			Fut.-in-the-Past Ind.
	Fut.Ind.+Pres.Ind.			Fut.-in-the-Past Ind.+Past Ind.
1a) he is studying new lesson				учит
	he studies English			изучает
We	he studied English at school			учил
know he has studied new words				выучил
that	he can study English			может учить
	he will study English			будет учить
	he will study E. if he enters the U.			будет учить - поступит
2a) he was studying new lesson				учит
	he studied English			изучает
We	he had studied English at school			учил
knew he had studied new words				выучил
that	he could study English			может учить
	he would study English			будет учить
	he would study E. if he entered the U.			будет учить - поступит

Exercise 7. Переведите предложения с согласованием времен.

1. I didn't know that my friend had failed in physics. 2. They thought I could drive a car. 3. The boy said he had no money to return home. 4. I saw he was reading a book at that moment. 5. They said that they had chosen their course and nothing could turn them from it. 6. We considered that she had already got her Master's degree in maths. 7. The student said that he could not translate the article without a dictionary. 8. I did not think

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that she would be refused a better room for her research. 9. He asks if he may keep this book as long as he needs it. 10. They told the child that the weather was fine and he could have a walk for two hours. 11. He asked how normal temperature was maintained underground. 12. He asked whether in the early days the trains had been driven by locomotives which burnt coal. 13. He said that entirely automatic driving would be developed.

	СУФФИКС НАРЕЧИЯ
основа прил. + -ly = нар.:	usual (обычный) - usually (обычно)
positively, negatively,	practically, actually, temporarily, virtually, occasionally,

mostly, really, probably, possibly

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ СИМВОЛЫ

+ plus	± plus or minus		× multiplied by		ab a to the power b
- minus	≈ approximately equals		÷	divided by	√ the square root of
= equals	≥	equal to or greater than	22	two squared	³√ the cubic root of
> greater than	||	parallel with	43	four cubed	n√ the nth root of
< less than	|	perpendicular to	64	six to the fourth

ТЕКСТОВЫЕ ЗНАКИ

º degree	, comma	− dash	" " inverted commas
% per cent	. point	- hyphen	? interrogation point
' minute, foot	: colon	No number	! point of exclamation
" second, inch	; semicolon	§ paragraph	* asterisk

Exercise 8. Прочитайте следующие примеры.

( ) round brackets [ ] square brackets { } braces

59+37=96	3×76=228	+.01	>85	36º	1319
47-19=28	72÷16=4,5	≈.783	<16	25%	4√89

НАРЕЧИЯ НА -ly С ДРУГИМ ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ hard (трудный) - hardly (едва ли, едва, вряд ли)

late (поздний) - lately (за последнее время, недавно) close (близкий) - closely (внимательно, пристально) high (высокий) - highly (очень, весьма)

short (короткий) - shortly (вскоре, незадолго)

great (большой) - greatly (очень, сильно, значительно) ready (готовый) - readily (быстро и легко)

near (ближний)- nearly (почти)

like (похожий) - likely (вероятно), unlikely (маловероятно)

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Exercise 9. Переведите предложения.

1. It's a highly interesting book. 2. He has published three articles lately. 3. I have nearly finished doing my homework. 4. We closely considered all the necessary conditions. 5. He came into the lecture hall shortly after you. 6. The problem was likely to be interesting. 7. The operation of that program was highly efficient. 8. Microelectronics has greatly influenced the progress of computers. 9. The instructions must readily be prepared by a human operator. 10. The printer is unlikely to work properly.

ГЛАСНЫЕ БУКВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ

[ou] - oa, ow, oll, old, olk, olt	[oi] - oi, oy	[Fq] - ere, air, are
[au] - ou, ow	[ei] - ai, ay, ey, eigh	[uq] - oor, our
[ai] - igh, ign, ild, ind	[iq] - ear, eer	[auq] - our, ower
		[aiq] - io, ie, ia

boat, low, scroll, fold, folk, molt; round, how, boundary; voice, employ; highly, resign, wild, blind; fear, peer; where, repair, prepare; moor, spoor, tourist; shower, hour; main, may, spray, weight; riot, trial, hieroglyph

ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА

what - что, какой where - где, куда when - когда

why - почему	who - кто
which - который	whom - кому, кем, и т.д.
how - как	whose - чей
whether, if - ли

Exercise 10. Переведите предложения с вопросительными словами.

1.He asks whether you can read English. 2. They ask if he is expecting any visitors.

3.The mother asks the teacher if her child studied properly. 4. Nobody knows how this accident occurred. 5. He asks if the plan is changed. 6. The teacher cannot understand how the boys have solved that complicated problem in such a short time. 7. He asked me if I knew who was performing at the theatre on Sunday. 8. We asked him if such materials could be found in the journal. 9. When I was leaving the town my friend asked me whether I would have an opportunity to go on with my work. 10. We asked him whether it was possible to master a foreign language in such a short time. 11. The professor asked him why he had chosen, of all professions, the one in microelectronics.

12.The professor asked me whether I had had any experience in electronics research.