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UNIT 12. LESSON 2

Exercise 1. Прочитайте сочетания слов:

this is, that is, is this, is that, is the; take the book, put the load, a top tone, a big block; look at the book, about the book, about the load; a doctor of, a teacher or a student, the centre of; a black cat, a bad table, on the floor, and the ceiling; in the shelf, against the wall.

Exercise 2. Переведите предложения. ГерундиальныЙ оборот - дополнение.

1. I remember his having given the computer some instructions. 2. He knew about the data being fed into the computer. 3. We heard of the experiment being started last week. 4. Mankind is interested in computer being used in space exploration. 5. We didn't know about McCarthy's having created LISP. 6. The student read about the achievements having been made in microelectronics. 7. They insisted on this invention being used. 8. We know of various experiments being made in this lab. 9. The scientists spoke of the new personal computer having been employed instead of the mainframe. 10. He knew about my having calculated this design.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения с герундиальным оборотом.

1. Their examining this mathematical problem was very unusual. 2. The computer being a universal machine is known to everybody. 3. Automation being coordinated with computerization contributes to the technological progress. 4. The new method of information being processed was applied last time. 5. The instructions for the machinetool with computerized numerical control being worked out help engineers to speed up the production process. 6. The way of machine-tools with numerical control being equipped was a success. 7. The computer technology was introduced into production after machine-tools being improved. 8. On my coming to the laboratory they began making the experiment. 9. The data were processed upon software being fed into the new computer. 10. The process of machines being applied to work for us is called automation.

Exercise 4. Сравните сложный герундиальный и независимый причастный обороты.

1. After his making the calculations, we tested the results. 2. He having made the calculations, we tested the results. 3. By our using this new method the efficiency was increased. 4. We using this new method, the efficiency was increased.

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Запомните следующие слова.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

signify	['signIfai]	означать
formerly	['fLmqlI]	раньше
tool	[tHl]	инструмент
guidance	['gaidqns]	руководство
formation	[fL'meiSn]	образование, формация
punch	[pAntS]	пробивать отверстия
card	[kRd]	карточка
speed	[spJd]	скорость
ingenuity	[,indZI'njHItI]	изобретательность
expertise	[,ekspW'tJz]	компетентность
desirable	[dI'zaiqrqbl]	желательный
change	[tSeindZ]	изменение
decision	[dI'siZn]	решение
latter	['lxtq]	последний (из названных)
instantly	['instqntlI]	немедленно
transmit	[trxnz'mit]	передавать
stack	[stxk]	складывать в кипы
pile	[pail]	стопка, груда
reach	[ri:tS]	достигать
space	[speis]	космос
capsule	['kxpsjHl]	капсула
state	[steit]	констатировать
switchboard	['switSbLd]	коммутатор
describe	[dIs'kraib]	описывать, изображать
reason	['rJzn]	причина
satellite	['sxtqlait]	спутник
launch	[lLntS]	запускать
coordinate	[ko'LdIneit]	координировать
accomplish	[q'kOmplIS]	совершать, выполнять
mind	[maind]	ум, мысль, разум

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Exercise 5. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

card, capsule, telephone, phrase, formation, sort, qualify, micro, phenomenon, associate, realize, plate, miniaturization, maximum, generation, manner, engage, illuminate, illumination, original, design, period, periodic, distant, distance, film, microfilm.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его со словарем.

12A. AUTOMATION AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL

"Automation" is a modern term signifying the use of machines to do work that formerly had to be done by people. What used to be called labour saving or mechanization has now been called automation.

Any tool may be a form of automation provided it helps people to work more easily, better, or more quickly. Provided the tool can do its work without requiring human guidance it may be called a higher form of labour saving.

A machine language of some sort is the formation of every higher form of automation. In its early stages punched cards represented a machine language as it did punched paper tapes.

The computer is a very high speed adding and subtracting machine. However, it is not a thinking machine as it is sometimes called. Everything it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of man's ingenuity and expertise.

During the past years significant gains have been made in the fields of science, industry and engineering. What is new today becomes history tomorrow. Desirable changes and growth require some decisions and the latter require reliable data that are instantly available and that can be transmitted easily.

For example, it has been said that if the paper used for making calculations for the Apollo space program were stacked in one pile the stack of papers would reach the Moon before the space capsule itself would get there. Moreover, it is often stated that if the telephones of the USA were still under the old operator system, all women in America over 21 years of age would be needed as switchboard operators.

The future of the world may be described in this short phrase: "computers and change". The reason is simple. Computers can handle large amounts of information rapidly and accurately. Without computers the space age would not be possible.

When a satellite is launched the thousands of computations that should be made and coordinated could not be accomplished by human minds in the shortest time available. However, the computer can handle the job.

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Exercise 6. Прочитайте следующие слова:

signify, require, language, ingenuity, expertise, desirable, decision, instantly, capsule, switchboard, satellite, launch, accomplish.

Exercise 7. Найдите в тексте английский эквивалент.

Термин обозначающий, что привыкли называть, руководство человека, на ранних стадиях, перфокарты и перфоленты, однако, как иногда его называют, все что он делает кроме, за последние годы, достигла бы луны, более того, как часто отмечают, большое количество информации, справляться с работой.

Exercise 8. Найдите пары синонимов:

to affect, to possess, to increase, rapid, to produce, century, sort, to replace, to continue, for, the world, technique, to gain, to influence, quick, to rise, to have, to generate, to take place, kind, age, to go on, engineering, to win, the globe, during.

Exercise 9. Закончите предложения, используя список В.

A:1. Automation is a modern term ... . 2. Mechanization is used to be called ... . 3. A tool can do its work ... . 4. The computer is a very high speed ... . 5. It is not a ... . 6. The result of man's ingenuity is the work of a computer doing everything other than ... . 7. The paper tape was used ... . 8. The thousands of computations are made ... . 9. Computers are widely used ... . 10. Desirable changes and growth require some decisions, ... .

B:1) adding and subtracting machine; 2) signifying the use of machines instead of men; 3) for handling large amount of information; 4) for making calculations; 5) adding and subtracting; 6) labour saving; 7) thinking machine; 8) the latter demanding reliable data; 9) in a satellite being launched; 10) without requiring human guidance.

Exercise 10. Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What does the term automation signify? 2. How was automation formerly called?

3.What tool may be a form of automation? 4. What is a machine language? 5. What is the result of men's ingenuity and expertise? 6. What does growth of technology require?

7.How large could be the stack of papers containing calculations for the Apollo space program? 8. How can you describe the future of the world? 9. Why would the space age be impossible without computers? 10. What kind of job can the computer handle?

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Exercise 11. Переведите следующие слова:

machine-tool, special-purpose, general-purpose, robot-making, self-regulating, world-known, all-round, up-to-date, large-scale, switchboard, typewriter, widespread, microcomputer.

Exercise 12.Переведите предложения со сложным герундиальным оборотом.

1. The tool can do its work without human guidance being required. 2. The computer being called a thinking machine is not correct. 3. The thousands of computations should be made in satellite's being launched. 4. There is much hope of the calculations being done in time. 5. Desirable changes and growth require reliable data being instantly available. 6. They heard of his having published the results of his last experiment. 7. I was sure of the computer working accurately. 8. In spite of technological processes being automated the plant won't fulfil its plan in time. 9. The problem could not be solved without necessary experiments being carried out. 10. We discussed methods of the computers' handling large amounts of information on a single chip. 11. Before the experiment being started, we had to perform some computations. 12. In spite of the results being ready, we couldn't begin the experiment. 13. The possibility of a computer processing data in a few seconds is evident. 14. His having solved this problem made him succeed in the experiment. 15. We know of complicated research being carried out in computer science.

Exercise 13. Переведите предложения c указателями подтверждения действия.

1. I am very interested in the results, too. 2. He also wants to compare the results. 3. A digital computer sorts out information, and analog machine does it as well. 4. We cannot solve this problem without a general-purpose computer, and neither can they. 5. Analog computers measure physical quantities as well as simulate some physical processes. 6. He cannot use this computer as it's out of order. He is not allowed to apply that one either. 7. Automatic controls assist men in industry, too. 8. A single microchip has also become a conventional thing. 9. The computer did not process the data and it didn't store them either. 10. You can't calculate the results in a minute, neither can I. 11. The engineer used the hard discs as well as some floppy discs. 12. I like playing computer games and my friend likes it too. 13. This computer doesn't make mistakes, and neither does that one. 14. The computer had processed the data as well as calculated the results. 15. Also, it had stored all the results obtained.