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UNIT 2. LESSON 2

Exercise 1. Запомните чтение гласных в закрытом слоге.

a - [x]	can, aspect, carry, exact, hand, capacity, black, man
e - [e]	desk, less, directly, accept, electrical, fed, next
i/y - [i]	digit, symbol, arithmetic, system, sift, big, trip
o - [O]	not, stop, box, pot, dot, long, problem, solve
u - [A]	but, must, run, function, number, such

Exercise 2. Переведите предложения со степенями сравнения.

1. Computers work more rapidly than humans. 2. Their work takes a shorter time. 3. It was an easier exercise. 4. This problem is more important than the last one. 5. It's important to make devices smaller. 6. You have far greater possibilities than your group-mates. 7. It was a much more interesting article than that one. 8. These materials are of still better quality than those ones. 9. The wider we use computers of the latest types, the more effective becomes our work. 10. The less you study, the worse.

Exercise 3. Прочтите следующие числительные:

4;

14;

40;

7;

17;

70;

12;

13;

20;

57;

90;

105;

137;

564;

1,242;

2,007;

423,281;

0.35;

4.2;

5.3;

0.2;

7.6;

1/2;

1/4;

2/3;

5/6;

1/8.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами.

1. Different work can be performed by computers. 2. It may take years to solve this problem. 3. A computer must be given the data. 4. Computers can be designed for specialized purposes. 5. This problem can be solved by a computer in a minute. 6. You must learn hard. 7. The text cannot be translated without a dictionary. 8. We don't know what kinds of computers may be in the future. 9. Robots may become our assistants. 10. Must you know English?

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения с эквивалентами модальных глаголов.

1. We were to design the device in time. 2. The engineers had to study the problem of speed calculations. 3. Computers will be able to do all the necessary work in the nearest future. 4. First computers were to add and subtract figures. 5. He was allowed to use this computer. 6. You will not be allowed to use dictionaries at the examination. 7. Specialists are able to play chess with computers. 8. Engineers are to make devices smaller. 9. Computers are able to control satellites. 10. You will have to create new computers.

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Запомните следующие слова.

	ACTIVE VOCABULARY
classify	['klxsIfai]	классифицировать
according to	[q'kLdiN tu]	согласно
special-purpose	['speSql 'pWpqs]	специализированный
general-purpose	['dZenrql 'pWpqs]	универсальный
efficient	[I'fiSqnt]	эффективный
fast	[fRst]	быстрый
restrict	[rIs'trikt]	ограничивать
application	[,xplI'keiSn]	применение
carry out	['kxrI aut]	проводить, выполнять
variety	[vq'raiqtI]	разнообразие
employ	[Im'plOi]	использовать
analog	['xnqlqg]	аналоговый
digital	['didZItql]	цифровой
exact	[Ig'zxkt]	точный
number	['nAmbq]	число, цифра, количество
represent	[,reprI'zent]	представлять
quantity	['kwOntItI]	количество, величина
measure	['meZq]	мера
solution	[sq'lHSn]	решение
equation	[I'kweiSn]	уравнение
investigation	[In,vestI'geiSn]	исследование
accept	[qk'sept]	принимать
scale	[skeil]	шкала
record	[rI'kLd]	записывать
connect	[kq'nekt]	соединять
sort out	[sLt aut]	сортировать
sift	[sift]	проверять
compare	[kqm'pFq]	сравнивать
capacity	[kq'pxsItI]	объем, мощность
mainframe	['meinfreim]	базовая ЭВМ

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Exercise 6. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

classify, aspect, special, function, efficient, programmer, form, physical, differential, symbol, arithmetic, mechanical, scale, logical, analysis, regulation, minicomputer, microcomputer, personal, business, examine, examination, test.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его со словарем.

2A. TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be classified according to some aspects. First of all, they may generally be divided into special-purpose machines and general-purpose machines.

Special-purpose computers are able to perform only a certain number of functions. They are usually highly efficient and faster than general-purpose computers but more restricted in their application.

The general-purpose computer is capable of carrying out a wide variety of instructions. Programmers use their expertise and ingenuity to employ the instructions in any way that they choose.

The second way of classifying computers is the following. There are two classes of electronic computers: analog, which are faster but less accurate, and digital, which are slower but more exact.

In analog computers numbers are represented by physical quantities. These numbers are the measures of those quantities. Analog machines are specialized for solving particular problems, such as solution of differential equations.

On the other hand, digital computers work directly with numbers in digital form. In other words, they count numbers ("digit" means a symbol for a number). They can perform the operations of arithmetics: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Analog computers are widely used for the investigation of mechanical processes in the system of automatic regulation. They are designed to accept physical forces such as electrical voltage, weights, pressures, speeds of rotation, or temperature, and record them along a scale.

Digital machines have a wider application. They can be used in any process connected with counting or what is known as "logical analysis", such as sorting out, sifting, and comparing information. The instructions - translated into mathematical terms - must be fed into the machine.

A third way of classifying computers is by capacity. Medium and large-scale computers are usually called mainframes. Next in size are business minicomputers. Smallest of all are the microcomputers, often called personal computers.

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Exercise 7. Прочтите следующие слова:

special, specialize, efficient, differential, function, equation, application, solution, regulation, addition, subtraction, multiplication.

Exercise 8. Найдите в тексте английский эквивалент.

Классифицировать согласно, прежде всего, определенное количество, широкое разнообразие, компетентность и изобретательность, физические величины, особые проблемы, с другой стороны, другими словами, считать числа, физические силы, записывать на шкале, логический анализ, перевести на язык математики.

Exercise 9. Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово из списка:

personal computers, count, logical analysis, fed, operations, perform, investigation, translated, instructions, accept.

1. Special-purpose computers ... only a limited number of functions. 2. Generalpurpose computers carry out different ... . 3. Computers can perform the ... of arithmetics. 4. Analog computers are used for ... of mechanical processes. 5. They are designed to ... physical forces. 6. Digital computers ... numbers. 7. The instruction must be ... into the machine. 8. There are mainframes, minicomputers and ... . 9. The instructions must be ... into mathematical terms. 10. ... is comparing information.

Exercise 10. Определите, о каком типе компьютера идет речь.

1. ... are able to perform only a certain number of functions. 2. ... are often called microcomputers. 3. ... can perform arithmetical operations. 4. ... are used for the research of physical forces. 5. ... are the mediumand large-scale computers. 6. ... carry out a wide variety of instructions. 7. ... count numbers. 8. ... are less restricted in operation. 9. ... are fast computers. 10. ... use numbers represented by physical quantities.

Exercise 11. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the first way of classifying computers? 2. What can special-purpose computers do? 3. What do general-purpose computers do? 4. What is the difference between these types? 5. What is the second classification? 6. How do analog computers work? 7. What do digital computers do? 8. What is the difference between analog and digital machines? 9. What is the third way of classifying computers? 10. What kinds of computers are there according to this classification?

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Exercise 12. Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные:

education, classification, application, solution, division; development, achievement, enjoyment, improvement, employment; equality, possibility, productivity, similarity, difficulty; importance, convenience, assistance, resemblance, performance.

Exercise 13. Прочитайте и переведите предложения.

1. We can classify computers according to their capacity. 2. Special-purpose computers are able to perform certain functions. 3. The general-purpose computer is able to carry out different instructions. 4. Computer programmers had to use their expertise and ingenuity to create complicated programs. 5. Special-purpose computers are faster than general-purpose ones. 6. The faster is the work of a computer, the easier is our life. 7. Computer operators must feed information into the machine. 8. You may use analog computers in your work. 9. PCs may become the effective means of solving difficult problems. 10. He was to translate the instruction into mathematical terms before feeding it into the machine. 11. Nobody could solve that equation without a computer. 12. The smaller is the computer, the less space it takes. 13. Analog computers are still faster than digital ones. 14. The more accurate is the computer, the more exact is its work. 15. Digital computers are able to perform far more operations than analog ones.

Exercise 14. Переведите предложения с one(s), that (those).

1. These new computers are much better than the old ones. 2. This apparatus is more powerful than the one installed in our laboratory. 3. We have no scientific journals, so I can give you only the technical ones. 4. Analog computers work faster than digital ones. 5. The special-purpose machine is as helpful as the general-purpose one. 6. The capacity of a mainframe is larger than that of a PC. 7. The year on Earth is twice as short as that on Mars. 8. These drawings are better than those of yours. 9. The functions of cars are different from those of lifts. 10. This view on the computers is the one accepted today. 11. This student is not so experienced as that one. 12. The lab assistant tested this device as well as the other ones. 13. These equations are not so difficult as the differential ones. 14. We call mainframes either large-scale computers or the medium-scale ones. 15. His investigation is more complex than that of our professor.