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UNIT 3. LESSON 2

Exercise 1. Запомните чтение гласных в III типе слога.

a - [R]	car, hard, large, part, card, enlarge, party
o - [L]	perform, form, short, sort, port, support, immortal
e,i,u,y - [W]	serve, term, circuit, first, purpose, turn, myrtle

Exercise 2. Поставьте глагол в нужной форме Indefinite.

1. We (to classify) computers as analog and digital machines. 2. Programmers (to use) their best in the future. 3. Numbers (to represent) by physical quantities. 4. Computers (to use) as electronic brains in space exploration. 5. Arithmetical operations (to perform) by digital computers. 6. Engineers (to employ) analog computers in industry. 7. Several years ago scientists (to use) only mainframes in research. 8. They (to connect) computers to other pieces of equipment. 9. My friend (to design) a computer-translator. 10. First computers (to design) to perform simple functions.

Exercise 3. Переведите предложения в Passive.

1. Computers can be classified according to some aspects. 2. They may be divided into analog and digital machines. 3. Operations were performed by big electronic devices. 4. The design of the new apparatus was much worked at. 5. The program was fed into the computer two days ago. 6. The article of this well-known scientist is often referred to. 7. Mainframes were followed by minicomputers. 8. The computer was addressed in BASIC. 9. The operation is influenced by this procedure. 10. The small electronic devices will be followed by the smaller ones.

Exercise 4. Задайте вопросы к предложению и подчеркнутым словам.

1. Many various subjects are included in the programme of higher education. 2. The significance of this complex equipment will be shown at the conference. 3. A variety of new computers was shown at the exhibition. 4. Each branch of technology will be given on its scientific basis of production. 5. People must understand the immense significance of computers. 6. The possibilities of scientific achievements are immense. 7. The production of complex equipment shows the achievements of our science. 8. Complex devices are used in every laboratory. 9. Modern installations were introduced into production. 10. New technology will be worked out.

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Запомните следующие слова.

	ACTIVE VOCABULARY
huge	[hjHdZ]	огромный
fill	[fil]	заполнять
completely	[kqm'plJtlI]	полностью
refer to	[rI'fW tu]	ссылаться на
improve	[Im'prHv]	усовершенствовать
occupy	['Okjupai]	занимать
fraction	['frxkSn]	доля; дробь
require	[rI'kwaiq]	требовать
circuitry	['sWkItrI]	цепь, схема, элемент
contain	[kqn'tein]	содержать
processor	['prousesq]	процессор
unit	['jHnIt]	устройство
memory	['memqrI]	память, ЗУ
hold	[hOuld]	держать
initial	[I'niSql]	исходный, начальный
register	['redZIstq]	регистр
decimal	['desImql]	десятичный знак
control	[kqn'troul]	управление
code	[kOud]	кодировать
sequence	['sikwqns]	последовательность
pulse	[pAls]	импульс
readily	['redIlI]	быстро
input	['input]	ввод
reader	['rJdq]	считывающее устройство
convert	[kqn'vWt]	превращать, преобразовывать
hard	[hRd]	твердый, жесткий
floppy	['flOpI]	гибкий
output	['autput]	вывод
failure	['feiljq]	поломка
successfully	[sqk'sesfulI]	успешно

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Exercise 5. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова:

technology, occupy, fraction, contain, code, correct, pulse, operator, convert, final, printer, disc, industrial, processor, microprocessor, history, historical, generate, collect, collector, collection, diagram, illustrate, illustration, popular, experiment.

Прочитайте текст и переведите его со словарем.

3A. THE STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER

The earliest computers were huge electronic devices filling a complete room. They were frequently referred to as "giant brains". Modern computers through improved technology occupy only a small fraction of the space required for earlier machines.

The complete electronic circuitry that is required to perform all the functions of a computer can be contained on a small electronic chip, called microprocessor, no larger than a human fingernail.

All the electronic computers, both digital and analog machines, consist of five main parts. The first part is an arithmetic unit which can perform the arithmetic operations at a very high speed.

The second part is the memory which holds the numbers forming the initial data. The memory unit is divided into a number of registers each of which holds one number. These numbers are of standard length, usually from 9 to 12 decimals.

The third part of a computer is the control unit that takes the coded instructions in the correct sequence. Inside the computer the numbers and instructions are stored as electronic pulses. A problem must be fed into the machine, however, in a form in which it can readily be prepared by human operators.

The fourth part of a computer is the unit which does the feeding. This unit is called the input. Usually the input consists of a reader, which converts information that is stored either on hard, or on laser discs into a pulse form. Both the data and the coded numerical instructions are fed into the machine by means of this unit.

The fifth part of a computer is an output unit by means of which final answers are produced. The most common forms of output in the past were punched cards, punched paper tapes, films, floppy discs and printed material. Nowadays these are compact discs and flash drives.

An electronic computer forms a large complicated device. Generally it consists of several thousands or more circuits connected together. The failure of any one part puts the machine out of operation. Computers are used successfully in research and industrial work due to their exactness and speed in calculation.

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Exercise 6. Прочтите следующие слова:

microprocessor, require, giant, final, brain, contain, data, fingernail, tape, failure.

Exercise 7. Найдите в тексте английский эквивалент.

Первые компьютеры, занимать небольшую часть, заполняющие целую комнату, гигантский мозг, не больше чем, образующие исходные данные, множество регистров, стандартной длины, в правильной последовательности, быстро приготовить, в виде импульсов, с помощью, выводит из строя, благодаря точности.

Exercise 8. Определите, о какой части компьютера идет речь.

1. ... is used to produce final answers. 2. ... holds the numbers. 3. ... is the heart of a computer. 4. ... performs arithmetic operations. 5. ... converts information into a pulse form. 6. ... takes the coded instructions in the correct sequence. 7. ... is used to feed instructions into the machine. 8. ... stores the instructions in a pulse form. 9. ... uses discs or printers. 10. ... adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides numbers.

Exercise 9. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Ранние компьютеры обычно заполняли целую комнату. 2. Все электронные компоненты могут содержаться на одном микропроцессоре. 3. Существуют два типа электронных машин. 4. Арифметическое устройство выполняет операции с большой скоростью. 5. Запоминающее устройство разделяется на ряд регистров.

6. Устройство управления является третьей частью вычислительной машины. 7. Входное устройство состоит из считывающего устройства, которое превращает информацию в импульсы. 8. Выходное устройство является пятой частью компьютера. 9. ЭВМ обычно состоит из нескольких тысяч элементов. 10. Авария одного элемента выводит машину из строя.

Exercise 10. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What were the first electronic computers? 2. How many parts do all electronic computers consist of? 3. What operations can an arithmetic unit perform? 4. What is the second part of a computer? 5. What is its function? 6. What is the third part of a computer? 7. What does it do? 8. Where are the numbers and instructions stored? 9. What does the fourth part of a computer do? 10. What does the reader convert information into? 11. By what unit can we feed information into the machine? 12. What is the fifth part of a computer? 13. What are the most common forms of output?

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Exercise 11. Прочитайте и переведите следующие существительные:

nature, temperature, future, failure, figure, pressure, measure, procedure; breakage, package, percentage, passage; smallness, exactness, effectiveness; liberalism, materialism, practicism; phonetics, electronics, mathematics, stylistics, dynamics.

Exercise 12. Переведите предложения в Indefinite.

1. He worked with this digital machine and made many calculations. 2. These tables hold the initial data. 3. The results were given in time. 4. The memory is divided into several registers. 5. This unit will be used in our research. 6. We will make a device which will contain an input and an output units. 7. The computer performs complicated calculations. 8. The output unit will produce final answers soon. 9. They were shown those new devices. 10. We will be given a complicated task. 11. Students will be told the theory of computation at the next lecture. 12. The laboratory assistant was sent for. 13. The theory will be followed by experimental work. 14. This text-book is often spoken about. 15. Modern computers are always looked at with interest.

Exercise 13. Переведите предложения с do и the former/the latter.

1. It did take much time to calculate this sophisticated design. 2. Does this method of computing provide us with good results? 3. Successeful experiments do occur in the field of microelectronics. 4. The computer didn't exist in the 1930s. 5. The electronic device does possess all the characteristics needed. 6. This device uses a greater amount of energy than the other one does. 7. Not all the computers operate with numbers, when they do we call them digital. 8. What will happen when we do this task? 9. Analog computers process information as do digital ones. 10. Special-purpose and generalpurpose computers differ one from another more than analog and digital ones do. 11. The mainframes and PCs are used in engineering design, the latter are being employed more often. 12. The two problems are very important - mathematical and logical ones, the former is a bit easier. 13. The difference between general-purpose and specialpurpose machines is that the former has the qualities that the latter lacks. 14. In designing two new devices, the scientist noted the former operated properly, but the latter did not. 15. Computer design and programming are very young branches, but the former is a bit older.