Key dates in science

1000 The optical properties of lenses were first observed by the Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham.

1088 The first known clock, which was powered by water, was invented in China by Han-Lien.

1090 Compasses were first used by the Chinese and the Arabs to navigate at sea.

1202 The Italian scholar Leonardo Fibonacci published his Liber Abaci, the first European book to suggest the use of the Hindu-Arabic decimal number system.

1230 In China, gunpowder was first used as an explosive, to make bombs for attacking city walls.

1286 The first pair of glasses was made in Italy, probably by an Italian physicist named Salvino Degli Armato.

Lesson 5

Grammar: Часи групи Continuous Active

Функції it, one, that

Text 5A. Environmental Protection must be Global.

Text 5B. Killer Rain.

Topic. Environmental Protection in Ukraine.

Відмінювання дієслова to work у Present Continuous Active

Стверджувальна ф-ма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I am working He She is working It We You are working They	I am not working He She is not working It We You are not working They	Am I working? he Is she working? It we Are you working? they

Exercise 1. Translate into Ukrainian and explain the use of the tense.

1. I am at my English lesson. I am sitting and doing my exercises. My friend is not sitting, he is standing at the blackboard and looking at me. 2. It is getting cold now, isn’t it? Look out. Is it raining now? 3. What are you doing? – I am translating a text. 4. It is getting late. Let us go home. 5. At the present moment I am laughing because I am so happy. 6. You must leave this place at once, my car is waiting for you at the corner of the street. 7. You are lying to me! 8. Oh, that’s nonsense: you are always talking nonsense. 9. You don’t really know anything about her, and you’re always talking scandals against her. 10. I don’t know what you are talking about. 11. Why are you looking at me so? 12. What are you doing on your computer? – I’m sending some e-mails. 13. Wait a minute, I’m trying to think. 14. Look, the train’s moving. We’re off. 15. You’re going to the theatre! Great! I can’t believe it! 16. James always goes to work by car. Today he is going by bus, because his car isn’t working. 17. John is never satisfied. He’s always complaining. 18. Jim is very untidy. He is always leaving his things all over the place.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. We (are translating, translate) a technical text now. 2. We usually (are not translating, do not translate) stories. 3. She (does not look, is not looking) through all the newspapers every evening. 4. I (watch, am watching) television every day. 5. The students often (have, are having) interesting discussions after lectures. 6. Where is Ann? She is in the coffee shop. She (has, is having) a cup of coffee. She always (has, is having) a cup of coffee in the evening. 7. Listen to that man! Do you understand what language he (speaks, is speaking)? 8. Hurry up! We (do not have, are not having) much time left. - I (am coming, come)! 9. She (tries, is trying) to lose weight, I think. She always (has, is having) light lunches. 10. I am sad. That is why I (cry, am crying). 11. She (cooks, is cooking) breakfast now. Will you please call back? 12. The bell (rings, is ringing). I’ll answer it. 13. He (is eating, eats) all the time but she never (is getting, gets) fat. 14. You are young. Young people (are doing, do) a lot of foolish things. 15. She (waits, is waiting) for you. – Yes, I know. 16. Come here a minute, will you? – Oh, what (do you want, are you wanting)? Can’t you see I (am watching, watch) the telly? 17. Ron is in London at the moment. He (stays, is staying) at the Park Hotel. He (is always staying, always stays) there when he’s in London. 18. Usually I (am enjoying, enjoy) parties but I (do not enjoy, am not enjoying) this one very much.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences.

1. Зараз у нас урок англійської мови. Викладач стоїть біля дошки і пояснює нову граматику. Студенти уважно слухають і записують. 2. Що ти тут робиш? - Я чекаю на Френка. 3. Вони зараз обідають. 4. Ти постійно читаєш газети! 5. Дивись! Той чоловік вітає нас. 6. Я телефоную тобі, щоб запросити тебе на свій день народження. 7. Вони весь час сперечаються. 8. Хтось стукає в двері. 9. Зараз він живе в готелі. 10. Подивись, жовте листя падає на землю. 11. Дивись, літак летить дуже низько. 12. Я слухаю тебе, чую тебе дуже добре і розумію все. 13. Я дивлюся на цю картину, але не бачу в ній нічого особливого. 14. Хіба ти не дивишся новий фільм по телевізору? – Ні, я проглядаю сьогоднішні газети. 15. Ми збираємось працювати разом. 16. Я збираюсь задати вам декілька запитань. 17. Що ти шукаєш? – Свій конспект. 18. Він працює. Не турбуй його.

Відмінювання дієслова to work у Past Continuous Active

Стверджувальна форма	Заперечна форма	Питальна форма
I He She was working It We You were working They	I He She was not working It We You were not working They	I he Was she working? it we Were you working? they

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian and explain the use of the tense.

1. They were reading from five till seven yesterday. 2. The child was not sleeping when his mother came in. 3. The cold tap was dripping the whole night. 4. It was raining all day yesterday. 5. My mother was feeling fine when I got home. 6. I wasn’t feeling at my best at the party so I didn’t enjoy it. 7. I was typing when he rang. 8. At ten he was having breakfast. 9. The sun wasn’t shining that day. 10. She wasn’t driving the car when the accident happened. 11. They were having dinner when he knocked at the door. 12. Was it still raining when you arrived at the airport? – No, it wasn’t. 13. What were you doing at this time the day before yesterday? – I don’t remember exactly, but I was not working. 14. He was not writing the letter. He was sitting at the desk and thinking. 15. Suddenly I woke up. It was raining.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Indefinite or Past Continuous.

1. He (to try) to open the door when we (to see) him in the corridor. 2. What you (to think) about when I (to ask) you a question? 3. He (to stare) up at the ceiling, when I (to enter) his room. 4. They (to speak) about the latest events when she (to interrupt) them. 5. Why she (to sit) the whole day at home? 6. He (to sit) in the arm-chair and then (to begin) reading a book. 7. You (to see) her the day before yesterday? – Yes, she (to stand) in the corridor speaking with her friends. 8. She (to eat) while she (to read). 9. I (to break) a plate when I (to lay) the table. 10. When he (to arrive) his wife (to talk) on the phone. 11. He (to watch) while she (to mix) the paint. 12. He (to feel) that it (to get) warm and took off his jacket. 13. He (to think) over his plans for the future when he (to hear) some noise. 14. When we (to join) the party they (to dance). 15. She (to know) so much about Europe that it was hard to believe that it was only from books, not from personal experience. She (to dream) about a trip to Europe all those years.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences.

1. Коли він дивився телевізор, задзвонив телефон. 2. Коли ми вийшли з дому, йшов сильний дощ. 3. Коли я зустрів її, вона поспішала на роботу. 4. Що він робив вчора о сьомій? – Він працював над доповіддю. 5. Коли він прийшов додому, його сім’я обідала. 6. Вчора о десятій ми обговорювали це питання. 7. Куди ти йшов, коли я побачив тебе вчора? – Я йшов у бібліотеку. Я працював у бібліотеці з п’ятої до восьмої години. 8. Вчора на занятті ми прочитали цікаву статтю. Потім викладач задавав нам питання, а ми відповідали на них. Ми обговорювали цю статтю весь урок. 9. Де ти був вчора? Я приходив до тебе, але тебе не було вдома. – Я провідав свого друга. Весь вечір ми грали в шахи. 10. Вчора був вихідний. Я пізно прокинувся і пізно поснідав. Я визирнув у вікно і побачив, що іде сніг. Оскільки погода була поганою, я вирішив залишитися вдома і нікуди не йти. Весь вечір я дивився телевізор і читав журнали.