Key dates in science

1592 The Italian astronomer Galileo invented the first thermometer based on the expansion and contraction of air.

1608 The telescope was first demonstrated in the Netherlands.

1610 Galileo used a telescope to make astronomical observations.

1616 The English doctor William Harvey lectured on the circulation of blood.

1618 A German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, published laws describing the planet’s elliptical orbits around the Sun.

1623 The first mechanical calculator was invented in Germany by Wilhelm Schickard.

Lesson 7

Grammar. Часи групи Perfect Active

Text 7A. Electricity

Text 7B. Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy

Topic. The youth of America

Відмінювання дієслова to write у часах групи Perfect Active

To have + PII (III форма дієслова)
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I We You have written They He She has written It	I He She It had written We You They	I He She It will have written We You They

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions, using Present Perfect 1. Have you ever got a bad mark at the exams? 2. Have you ever been to Kyiv? 3. Have you ever drunk coca-cola? 4.Have you ever gone traveling? 5.Have you ever read an English book in the original? 6. Has the weather been rainy the whole month? 7.Have you ever heared Paul Robson singing? 8. Have you ever studied French? 9. What films have you seen this month?

Exercise 2. Put the Infinitives into the correct Perfect tense. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

A. Present Perfect 1. Gagarin’s flight (to mark) the beginning of space exploration and thus (to open) a new epoch in human history. 2. Ukrainian engineers (to make) an electric car of original construction.3. The workers (to get) good results when the methods of their work (to improve). 4. Women (to make) a great contribution to education and scientific progress. 5. An automatic lunar self-propelled vehicle, remote – controlled from the Earth (to place) on the Moon for the first time in history of cosmonautics, and (to start) research work there. 6. The direct study of the lunar surface (to begin) with Moon landing by automatic space stations.

B. Past Perfect 1. She hoped I (to pay) for the tickets. 2. When we came the plane (to take off). 3. I went to sleep as soon as the show (to finish). 4. By the end of the year he (to complete) five courses. 5. When they came home mother (to do) everything about the house. 6. I went to see the sights after I (to buy) a map of Kyiv. 7. We knew our itinerary only after the leader of the group (to tell) us. 8. After I (to spend) all the money I turned to my father. 9. She understood the letter after she (to read) it a second time.10. We (to keep) waiting until we lost patience.

C. Future Perfect. 1. When the father returns from his round the world trip his son (to become) a grown-up man. 2. By the end of this year I (to read) all the books of this writer. 3. You (to finish) to type my papers by this evening? 4. If you come late, the party (to end). 5. When you come she (to leave). 6. By the end of July you (to pass) your last entrance exam. 7. I’m not sure if I (to translate) this text by Monday. 8. By the time they return from the honeymoon trip we (to rebuild) the house for them.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

A. Present Perfect. 1. They have already determined the main properties of the substance. 2. I have known him since 1970. 3. He has just come by car. 4. I have attended lectures on history since May. 5. He has entered the University this year. 6. They have already applied new methods in their research. 7. Our country has developed into a powerful state.

B. Past Perfect. 1. They had already learnt all new English words. 2. He had already seen the film before he watched it on TV. 3. By that time we had already changed our plans. 4. He had never been to doctors. 5. By the end of the last century scientist had made the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials.

C. Future Perfect. 1. We shall have finished the work tomorrow by 5 o’clock. 2. They will have completed the experiment by the end of the year. 3. When you see him next, he will have passed the last exam. 4. The mechanic will have installed the new equipment in our laboratory by the beginning of the New Year.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the Future Indefiite or the Future Perfect.

1.He (to receive) the telegram tomorrow. 2. He (to receive) the telegram by tomorrow. 3. I (to do) the exercises by seven o’clock. 4. I (to do) the exercises in the afternoon. 5. By this time you (to take) your examination. 6.You (to take) your examination next week. 7. The teacher (to correct) our dictations in the evening. 8. The teacher (to correct) our dictations by the next lesson.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English..

А. 1. Я залишив свій зошит вдома. 2. Де Петро? – Він ще не прийшов. 3. Що ти робиш? – Я читаю англійське оповідання. – Скільки сторінок ти вже прочитав? – Я прочитав вже вісім сторінок. 4. Мину-лого року ми їздили у Київ на виставку. З того часу я не був у Києві.

В. 1. Ми читали книгу, яку я купив у Києві. 2. Студенти переклали текст до кінця пари. 3. Він подякував мені за те, що я зробив для нього. 4. Вчора ми обговорили фільм, який дивились декілька днів тому.

С. 1. Я зроблю цю роботу до кінця тижня. 2. Викладач перевірить наші роботи до наступного заняття. 3. Нова школа буде побудована до 1 вересня. 4. Зустріч відбудеться до 7 години вечора.