Key dates in science.

1808. The English chemist John Dalton published A new system of Chemical Philosophy containing his theories of atomic structure.

1810 The first electric lamp was discovered in London, England.

1821 Michael Faraday, an English scientist, invented an electric motor.

1831 Michael Faraday invented the dynamo.

1833 English mathematicians Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace worked on the Analytical Engine, a forerunner (попередник) of the computer.

Lesson 10.

Grammar. Модальні дієслова

Text 10A. Made in Space

Text 10B. Ancient Steel-making Secret

Topic. Ukraine’s Economy

Форми модальних дієслів

Present	Past	Future
can may must	could might ___	____ ____ ____

Еквіваленти модальних дієслів

Can	May	Must
to be able	to be allowed	to have (to) – (бути вимушеним в силу обставин) to be (to) – (бути зобов’язаним в силу домовленності, пла- ну, розкладу)

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. My brother can speak English. 2. She can do everything you do. 3. The travelers can see the house behind the trees. 4. You can reach the station in half an hour. 5. The teacher can show us how to do it. 6. We can get this book at the library. 7. Nobody can help me. 8. No one can translate this sentence. 9. Excuse me. Where can I find the manager? – Sorry, I can’t help you. 10. That can’t be true, can it? 11. Can you wait a moment, please? 12. Can you do me a favour? 13 We could take our exams ahead of schedule when we studied at the University. 14. The subject of yesterday’s lecture was new to me but I could understand everything. 15. When in the exam, Peter could remember everything, and his answer was excellent. 16. At that time, Roger was the champion of the University. No one could play tennis as well as he did. 17. The computer virus was going to ruin all the files but we were able to prevent it. 18. He will be able to write to me. 19. We’ll be able to see the performance to-night. 20. Which of your students will be able to take part in the concert?

Exercise 2. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.

1. You can persuade him to give up smoking. 2. My brother can do sums better than his friend. 3. I can finish the work in time. 4. They could easily get to the University in half an hour. 5. We can use the indefinite article with this noun. 6. My brother could speak English. 7. She could play tennis in her youth. 8. I was able to help him. 9. He could repair his radio set himself. 10. They will be able to take part in the coming competitions. 11. They were able to fulfil the task without delay. 12. I am able to start working immediately.

Exercise 3. Refer the following sentences to the past and the future.

1. I can do it. 2. Can you see him? 3. He can’t come to you tomorrow. 4. You cannot go there by bus. 5. Can they translate such texts? 6. He can learn everything with ease. 7. I can’t accept your offer. 8. I cannot go away. 9. The government alone can initiate that.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я можу працювати в суботу, якщо це необхідно. 2. Вона говорить, що могла б посидіти з дітьми завтра ввечері. 3. Ти міг би допомогти нам? – Зараз я поспішаю, але завтра я зможу допомогти. 4. Наш викладач інколи може бути дуже суворим. 5. Він не може прийти о третій годині. В нього в цей час уроки. 6. Ми не можемо купити цю квартиру – вона дуже дорога. 7. Він зміг перекласти цю книгу лише за два місяці. 8. Ти зміг би перекласти цю статтю? 9. Агата Крісті вміла писати цікаві детективи. 10. Вона не зможе вчасно дістатися до аеропорту. 11.Чи зможеш ти відправити йому електронну пошту сьогодні ввечері? 12. Чи зможеш ти виконати цю роботу завтра? 13. Я не зможу допомогти тобі переїхати в новий будинок наступного тижня. Я буду зайнятим.

Exercise 5. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with different forms of the Infinitive after can and could.

1. Can it be true? 2. He can’t have read this book in two days! 3. I can’t have lost the ticket. I’ve put it into my pocket. 4. They can’t have arrived. I received the telegram only yesterday. 5. Can she have deceived me? 6. Can she still be speaking to the dean? 7. My son can’t be telling lies. 8. They can’t have failed to speak to the dean. 9. She can’t have left the letter unanswered. 10. She could have gone earlier but she didn’t. 11. This student could have answered better, but he didn’t. 12. He could have sent the telegram earlier, but he didn’t. 13. He could have passed his exam in maths, but he failed.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences with may (might).

1. May I switch on the radio? 2. You might not know what is on his mind. 3. Where is Roger? May he be in the main campus? What do you think? 4. May I take part in the presentation? – Yes, certainly. 5. He is allowed to be present at the lesson. 6. Will he be allowed to leave the office half an hour earlier today? 7. I was allowed to sleep late every Sunday when I went to school. 8. We were not allowed to go to school on frosty days. 9. Somebody is knocking at the door. It might be David. 10. Where are the children? – They might be playing with other children. 11. They may be making an experiment. 12. She may have lost the game. 13. He may have written the letter, but the signature is certainly not his. 14. The teacher said that we might translate the text the next day. 15. He said that I might visit him any day I liked. 16. He might have helped us. 17. She might have warned us of the meeting. 18. You might have given them a chance. 19. They might have spoken to him about it.

Exercise 7. Substitute the synonymous expressions for the modal verb may.

1. May they stay here? 2. May he join you? 3. He may smoke here. 4. You may not enter the room. 5. You may take the book; I don’t need it. 6. May I ask you a question? 7. May we leave now? 8. You may stay in my house if you want. 9. May I let them in? 10. May we tell what we think?

Exercise 8. Translate into English the following sentences.

1. Можеш телефонувати мені в будь-який час. 2. Можна я відкрию вікно? – Ні, не можна. На дворі дуже холодно. 3. Можна я відповім на це запитання? - Ні, ви можете відповісти на наступне. 4. Взагалі мені не дозволяли робити багатьох речей, але на мій день народження, коли мені виповнилося десять років, я міг робити що завгодно. 5. В Англії вам дозволять водити машину, якщо вам 17 років. 6. Я думаю, що мені не дозволять поїхати з тобою за місто. 7. Викладач сказав, що ми можемо перекласти цей текст завтра. 8. Він сказав, що я можу провідати його в будь-який час. 9. Вона сказала, що він може йти додому. 10. Можливо, він захворів. 11. Ви такі необережні. Ви могли розбити вазу. 12. Південний клімат, можливо, відновив його здоров’я. 13. Він сказав, що вона, можливо, все їм розповіла.

Exercise 9. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences.

1. You must know about it. 2. We must be very careful. 3. We must all keep together. 4. I must ask you about it. 5. Must we let him know about it? 6. You must not inform them about it. 7. Must we break the news to Ann? – I am afraid, you must. You have no right to keep from her. 8. Must I help them? – I think, you must. They count on your help. 9. He said he had to hurry as it was already late. 10. It was raining and she had to take an umbrella. 11. The secretary said that the group was to be in the hall at 2 sharp. 12. You’ll have to inform them of the meeting. 13. They must have lived in Kyiv. 14. Mother must have been out shopping. 15. He must have read a lot aloud for his pronunciation is rather good. 16. The group must be waiting for her. 17. Oh, Jane, think how she must be suffering!

Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with to have to or to be to.

1. As we agreed before, we … to meet at 2 o’clock. 2. The meeting … to begin at 5 o’clock. Don’t be late. 3. It was raining hard and we … to wait until it stopped raining. 4. If I don’t ring up before six o’clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 5. They … to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 6. She … to send a telegram because it was late to send a letter. 7. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 8. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? – I was, but I couldn’t because I … to finish some work at the phonetics laboratory.

Exercise 11. Make the following sentences:

A) interrogative.

1. He had to learn all the new words from the text. 2. She had to spend summer in the village. 3. I had to speak to him. 4. They had to visit him. 5. He will have to send them a telegram. 6. He will have to stay after classes to catch up with the group.

B) negative.

1. He had to go somewhere. 2. They had to keep her in the dark. 3. We had to break the news to Eliza. 4. Somebody has to help you with your work. 5. They were to go to the concert the next day. 6. We had to speak louder to hear each other.

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я повинен їх зустріти в аеропорту. 2. Ви не повинні хвилюватись. 3. Ви не повинні розмовляти на заняттях. 4. Їм потрібно приходити сюди завтра? 5. Вони мають повернутися до вечора. 6. Я повинен зробити це сам? 7. Йшов дощ. Я був змушений взяти парасольку. 8. Вони будуть змушені запросити її. 9. Він повинен був замовити номер в готелі, але не замовив. 10. Ми повинні були зустрітись після роботи, але не зустрілись. 11. Я був змушений відмінити зустріч. 12. Ми знали, що він вимушений допомагати своїй сестрі. 13. Він, певно, не зрозумів мене. 14. Ніхто, певно, не купив цієї книги. 15. Певно, йде дощ.