Key dates in science

1953 Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of the DNA molecule, which forms living cells, later proved by Rosalind Franklin.

1957 The first satellite, the Russian Sputnik I, was launched.

1959 The integrated circuit was invented in the U.S.A.

1961 Vostok I, the first manned spacecraft, was launched. Yuri Gagarin became the first person to travel into space.

1969 An American astronaut, Neil Armstrong, became the first person to walk on the Moon.

1969 The Internet, in the form of ARPANET, an American military computer network, was born.

LESSON 16

Grammar. Умовні речення

Text 16A. Descending to New Ocean Depths

Text 16B. Types of Submersibles

Topic. Money

Three types of Conditional sentences

Умовні речення першого типу (First Conditional)
If + Present Simple	will + indefinite infinitive
If the weather is fine, Якщо погода буде гарною,	we will go for a walk. ми підемо на прогулянку.
Умовні речення другого типу (Second Conditional)
If + were (для всіх осіб), чи Past Simple	would/could/might + indefinite infinitive
If the weather were fine, Якби погода була гарною, (сьогодні, завтра)	we would go for a walk. ми б пішли на прогулянку.
Умовні речення третього типу (Third Conditional)
If + past perfect	would/could/might + perfect infinitive
If the weather had been fine, Якби погода була гарною (вчора),	we would have gone for a walk. ми б пішли на прогулянку.

Exercise 1. Define the type of conditional sentences and translate into Ukrainian.

1. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another. 2. If we were free, I should help you with pleasure. 3. If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our work. 4. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed, they become liquids. 5. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations, designers would have spent all their lives on computation. 6. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes, you are wrong. 7. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high, a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures. 8. If we had been told about the lecture on reliability in spacecraft production, we should have come by all means. 9. Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature is very low and close to absolute zero.

Exercise 2. Use the verb in brackets in the corresponding tense-form.

1. If you (to know) English well, you will be able to read books in the original. 2. If I get this book, I (to be) very happy. 3. You (to become) much stronger if you did your morning exercises regularly. 4. If she went to work in France, she (to learn) French very quickly. 5. If he (to see) her, he would have spoken to her. 6. I (to help) them if I had been at home. 7. You (to write) the test work well if you have learnt grammar. 8. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should have told her about it. 9. If we had not been present at the lecture, we (not to understand) the new approach to the solution of the problem.

Exercise 3. Change the sentences according to the models:

Model 1: If I were free, I should help you. - Were I free, I should help you.

Model 2: If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. - Had he known about the lecture, he would have come.

1. If it were possible, we should begin this work at once. 2. If he had had all the necessary books, he would have made his report in time. 3. If the books had been available in our library, we could have done this work much earlier. 4. If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible. 5. If drivers were more attentive while driving, there would be fewer accidents on the road.

Exercise 4. Translate asyndetic (безсполучникові) conditional sentences.

1. Had he used new materials, the device would have been more reliable. 2. Were electric motors used, cars would not pollute the air, would be practically noiseless and very easy to control. 3. Had they applied the new method, the result would have been much better. 4. Were the design of cars improved, the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced. 5. Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning of the century, they would have been in operation since that time. 6. Were it possible to learn how birds find their way, people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences and remember the meaning of the verb “to provide” and the conjunction “provided”.

1. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 2. Ukrainian technological achievements that provided the launching of rockets are known all over the world. 3. A tire pressure display provides information for front and back pairs of tires. 4. Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall aircraft weight. 5. Provided with a new vacuum-controlled carburetor this car model has several important advantages. 6. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 7. An aircraft pilot can get all the information he needs provided he contacts a radio navigation station. 8. The work done provided us with new data. 9. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it provided we know the car’s average speed. 10. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment.