Key dates in science

c. 4240 BC The Egyptian calendar was introduced, making this the first year in which events could be dated precisely.

c. 4000 BC The alloy bronze was first made in Mesopotamia.

c. 3500 BC The first wheels were made out of sections of tree trunks (стовбур дерева).

c. 3000 BC TheBabylonians divided the day into 24 hours. They also invented the abacus, the first adding machine.

c. 1600 BC The first records were made of the study of astronomy.

c. 1500 BC Iron smelting (плавка) was fist developed in Asia Minor (Turkey).

Lesson 2

Grammar. Ступені порівняння прикметників

Text 2A. Science and Technological Progress in Modern Society

Text 2B. Massachusets Institute of Technology

Topic. I am a Student

Ступені порівняння прикметників

Звичайний ступінь	Вищий ступінь	Найвищий ступінь
small	smaller	the smallest
II. difficult	more difficult	the most difficult
III. good bad much, many little far	better worse more less farther/ further	the best the worst the most the least the farthest/ the furthest

Exercise 1. Give the missing degrees of comparison:

the biggest, longer, faster, the hardest, the heaviest, thinner, narrower, lower, the greatest, newer, colder, the hottest, the shortest, less, the worst

Exercise 2. Put adjectives in comparative or superlative degree.

1. Kyiv University is one of (large) Universities in Europe. 2. Strength of materials is (difficult) than chemistry. 3. Is it (interesting) to study at the institute than at school? 4. My brother is (old) than I but he is (short). 5. My friend works (hard) at his English than I. 6. The Ukraina hotel is one of (high) buildings in Kyiv. 7. Days in summer are (long) than in winter. 8. This group studies (good) than that one. 9. Oxford is (old) University in Britain. 10. This is (good) film I have ever seen.

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:

1. Which is the most difficult subject for you? 2. Which is the easiest subject? 3. Which of the subjects is more difficult: physics or mathematics? 4. Who is the tallest in your group? 5. Which is the most interesting subject for you? 6. Is English as difficult as mathematics? 7. When is it more difficult to get up early: in winter or in summer? 8. What is easier for you: to read English or to speak it? 9. What is colder: the Black Sea or the Sea of Azov? 10. What is the highest building in your city?

Exercise 4. Insert the missing words than, as …. as, not so … as.

1. In winter days are … long … in summer. 2. Chemistry is … difficult … physics. 3. I study English … long … my friend. 4. My sister is older … I. 5. English is … so difficult … mathematics. 6.Moscow is bigger … Tallinn. 7. This machine is … old … that one. 8. The new transistor is more powerful … the old one. 9. The task of school education is … important … that of higher education. 10. John is … tall … his brother, but he is … tall … his father.

Exercise 5. Translate the phrases in comparative degree as in the example:

Example: The longer the nights, the shorter the days. (Чим довші ночі, тим коротші дні).

1. The harder we study, the more we know. 2. The more you work, the better you know English. 3. The more we study nature, the more we know about it. 4. The nearer the earth is, the denser the atmosphere is. 5. The stronger the wind, the harder the conditions of work for weather observers. 6. The quicker we finish, the sooner we will go home. 7. The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 8. The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be. 9. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is. 10. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country. 11. The quicker we join our efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved.

Exercise 6. Translate into English:

1. Найсильніша людина світу живе в Україні. 2. Чим більше ми знаємо, тим більше ми забуваємо. 3. Чим темніша ніч, тим краще ми бачимо Венеру на небі. 4. Ти встаєш раніше, ніж я. 5. Він – найрозумніша людина, яку я будь-коли зустрічав. 6. Чим більше ми читаємо, тим більше ми знаємо. 7. Вона молодша за тебе? 8. Сьогoдні найтепліший день жовтня. 9. Твоя кімната не така велика, як моя. 10. Ти такий же сильний, як і він. 11. Говоріть, будь-ласка, голосніше, я вас погано чую. 12. Я думаю, що навчитися говорити іноземною мовою складніше, ніж навчитися писати. 13. Як туди краще їхати: потягом чи літаком? 14. Давайте підемо завтра в бібліотеку раніше, ніж сьогодні. 15. Якщо ти прийдеш сьогодні додому пізніше, тобі доведеться вечеряти самому. 16. Він розуміє французьку краще, ніж англійську. 17. Найменші країни світу – Ватикан і Монако. 18. Протягом дня погода в Англії змінюється декілька разів, набагато частіше, ніж на континенті. 19. Моя кімната така ж світла, як і ваша. 20. Чим більше я вивчаю англійську, тим більше вона мені подобається.