Vocabulary notes

Task I. Read and memorize the following words. Translate the sentenses.

1. distant – віддалений, далекий. We had a distant view of the Alps.

2. alloy – сплав. Non-ferrous metals are mixed in various proportions to form different alloys.

3. substance – речовина. A substance resisting all ordinary or chemical efforts to decompose it into simpler substances is an element.

4. numerous – численний. There are numerous ways of doing it.

5. to carry out – виконувати. The research has been carried out by the engineers of the factory.

6. condition – умова. The astronauts soon got used to the conditions of weightlessness.

7. to differ from – відрізнятися від. Nylon differs from silk in origin and cost.

8. to obtain – одержувати, здобувати. By this metod you’ll obtain a good result.

9. due to – завдяки, внаслідок. 1) It was due to him that I was able to carry out that work. 2) The accident was due to fog.

10. immediately – негайно. I’ll go there immediately.

11. density – густина. The density of the lower layers of the atmosphere is greater.

12. to possess – мати, володіти. Iron, cobalt and nickel possess considerable magnetism at room temperature.

13. to deal with – мати справу , розглядати( питання). He is a difficult man to deal with.

14. to aim at – прагнути. He aimed at becoming a doctor.

15. advantage – перевага, вигода, користь. 1) He had the advantage over other boys of being born into a rich family. 2) Is there any advantage in getting early?

16. on board – на борту. She enjoys life on board ship.

17. acceleration – прискорення. The acceleration must be reduced to the minimum.

18. suitable – що відповідає, придатний. This machine is suitable for loading and unloading earth materials.

19. to approach – наближатися. We approached the camp.

20. specimen – зразок. The doctor will need a specimen of your blood.

21. valuable – цінний. He gave us valuable information.

22. according to – відповідно до. We will be paid according to the amount of work we do.

23. estimate – оцінка. I don’t know enough about him to form a true estimate of his abilities.

Task II. Read and translate the text.

Text 10A.

Made in Space

This label “Made in Space” for industrial materials will probably surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include superconductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar magnetic properties, supertransparent laser glass, polymers, plastics, and so on. Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space stations have paved the way to the development of methods and means of industrial production of new materials of better quality on board a spacecraft. Experts estimate that within a few coming years industrial production of various materials will be started in space.

Conditions on board a space vehicle orbiting earth greatly differ from those on its surface. However, all these conditions can be simulated on Earth, except for one – prolonged weightlessness. Weightlessness can be created on earth, but only for a few seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting Earth is in a dynamic zero-gravity state.

What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known processes go on differently due to the absence of weight. Stable-state liquid mixtures can be obtained, the components of which would immediately separate on earth because of different density. In case of melts of metals, glasses or semiconductors, they can be cooled down to the solidification point even in space and then brought back to earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.

In space there is no gravitational convection, when movements of gases or liquids are caused by difference of temperatures. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.

Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists started experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. Since 1976 over 600 technological experiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles. It has been established that it is necessary to develop a new science – physics of the weightless state – which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and space materials study. This science has basically been developed. The methods of mathematical modeling of the hydromechanical process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with the help of computers.

Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the minimum. It was found that space platforms in independent flight carrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials. These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time. The cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations. Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under the zero-gravity condition and study their structure. The data obtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering. Thus, it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtain valuable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies on Earth.

Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of American experts production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars in the future.