V. D. Translate the sentences

1. It froze hard yesterday. 2. I hardly ever go to the cinema. 3. I worked hard to pass the exams. 4. She was so silent, she hardly said anything. 5. I had hardly uttered a word.

V. E. Translate the following word combinations: particles of sand, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, the binding agent, suitable proportions, depend upon the density of the aggregate, dense concretes, mass concrete, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, ferro-concrete, building purposes, monolithic foundation slabs, heavy erections, dock walls, basement walls, graving docks, enormous masses, a building site, prefabricated units, in-situ concrete, cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete, cellar bottoms, fireproof floor construction, joint functions, be utilized advantageously, ordinary reinforcement, prestressed reinforcement, reinforcement and shuttering

VI. A. Read the text and speak on concrete and reinforced concrete

Concrete is made by binding together particles of sand (fine aggregate) and gravel, stone or broken brick (coarse aggregate). The binding agent used is a paste of Portland cement properly mixed with water in suitable proportions.

The density of concrete and therefore many of its properties, depend upon the density of the aggregate. Therefore there is a broad division of concrete types into: a) dense concretes - composed of heavy aggregates; b) light-weight concretes - composed of light aggregates.

Concrete may be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete (ferro-concrete). Plain or mass concrete can be used for almost all building purposes for which massive masonry or brickwork is suitable. It is practically suitable for the construction of monolithic foundation slabs and all classes of heavy erections.

Dams, dock walls and graving docks are classes of structures in which concrete is used in enormous masses. Concrete can be made on a building site or it may be used as the material for making prefabricated units in a factory. That is why there is another classification into "in-situ" (or cast-in-place) concrete and "precast" concrete.

For foundations, footings, basement walls, cellar bottoms and fireproof floor construction, the use of concrete is almost universal.

Reinforced concrete is a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized. There are two kinds of reinforced concrete: with ordinary reinforcement and concrete with prestressed reinforcement. Ferro-concrete is used in building bridges and arches.

The principal materials used for reinforced concrete are: cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, reinforcement and shuttering.

VI. B. A) Insert articles where necessary

1. The binding agent used is ... paste of Portland cement properly mixed with water in suitable proportions. 2. The density of concrete and therefore many of its properties, depend upon the density of ... aggregate. 3. There is ... broad division of concrete types into dense and light-weight concretes. 4. ... plain concrete can be used for almost all building purposes. 5. For foundations and fireproof floor construction ... use of concrete is almost universal. 6. Reinforced concrete is … building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized. 7. There are ... two kinds of reinforced concrete.

b) Insert prepositions where necessary

1. Concrete is made ... binding together particles of sand and gravel. 2. The binding agent used is a paste ... Portland cement properly mixed with water. 3. The density of concrete depends ... the density of the aggregate. 4. There is a broad division of concrete types ... dense and light-weight concretes. 5. Mass concrete can be used ... almost all building purposes. 6. Mass concrete is suitable ... the construction of monolithic foundation slabs. 7. Concrete can be made ... a building site. 8. There are two kinds of reinforced concrete: ... ordinary reinforcement and concrete ... prestressed reinforcement. 9. Concrete may be used ... the material for making prefabricated units in a factory.

c) Choose the right variant

1. Concrete is made (for / by) binding together particles of sand and gravel, stone or broken brick. 2. The binding agent (using / used) is a paste of Portland cement properly mixed with water. 3. The density of concrete and therefore many of its properties, (depend / depends) upon the density of the aggregate. 4. There are dense concretes (composing / composed) of heavy aggregates. 5. Concrete (may / must) be divided into two classes: mass concrete and reinforced concrete. 6. Mass concrete can (use / be used) for almost all building purposes. 7. For foundations and fireproof floor construction, the use of concrete (are / is) almost universal. 8. In reinforced concrete the joint functions of concrete and steel (are / is) advantageously utilized. 9. There (is / are) two kinds of reinforced concrete.