Inns of Court

1) … student of 2) … law in England can only obtain 3)… law degree and become 4) … barrister by passing 5) … examinations of one of 6) … Inns and dining 7) … certain number of times in 8) … Hall. Then he proceeds to 9) … vocational course, highly practical in 10) … nature. Gray’s Inn was founded in 11) … 14^th century and 12) … Hall was built in 13) … 16^th century.

14) … Lincoln’s Inn is named after one of 15) … Earls of Lincoln, who started 16) … law school nearby in 17) … 14^th century. The Gatehouse, where 18) … Oliver Cromwell is said to have lived as 19) … law student, was built in 1518.

20) … Ancient Inns of 21) … Inner and Middle Temple originally belonged to 22) … Knights Templars, but as long as 23) … 14^th century 24) … lawyers and 25) … law students were living there, and 26) … Temple has been 27)… legal community ever since.

28) …Temple Hall was badly damaged by bombing during 29) … World War II, but it has been well restored. 30) … first public performance of 31) … Twelfth Night was given in this Hall in 1602.

Inns of Court are 32) … group of four institutions that historically been responsible for legal education in England. In 1974 33) … Inns created 34) … administrative body, 35) … Senate of 36) … Inns of Court and 37) … Bar, which oversees such matters as 38)… finance, 39) … legal reform and 40) … educational standards.

Ex. 9. Use the proper form of the verbs.

1. In England judges usually (choose) from the most senior barristers.

2. Magistrates (select) by special committees in every town and district.

3. The British Constitution can ( alter) by an Act of Parliament.

4. The principle of separation of powers (adopt) by most modern constitutions.

5. The Executive branch (represent) by the government which (put) the laws into effect.

6. The laws (make) by Parliament, and (interpret) and (apply) by law courts.

7. After the bill (sign) by the Queen, it (become) an Act of Parliament.

8. The Queen (sign) the bill and it ( become) an Act of Parliament after it (pass) in the House of Commons and (adopt) in the House of Lords.

9. Common Law is fundamentally judge-made law, which (develop) over many centuries.

10. 10.In Britain legal decisions (base) upon decisions in previous cases and on customs rather than on detailed written law.

11. 11.No one (know) why crime (occur).

12. 12.Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories (advance) to explain crime.

Ex. 10. Put questions to the following sentences.

1. The Constitution shows how the values of the country will be protected. (General)

2. The British Constitution is made up of Statute Law, Common Law and conventions. (What)

3. In the seventh century B.C., Draco drew up Greece’s first written code of laws which were shockingly severe. (When, Alternative)

4. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained in Solon’s new code of law. (What, Who)

5. Roman Law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. (Indirect)

6. The Napoleonic Code has influenced the laws of many countries in Europe and South America. (Disjunctive)

7. Government departments are responsible for implementing government policy. (Who)

8. The government is composed of about 20 of the most important ministers. (How many)

9. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee or to the House of itself. (Where, When)

10. The national result of the election is known by the next morning. (When, Alternative)

11. Before a government Bill is finally drafted there is normally considerable consultation with professional bodies. (When)

12. A Bill with a mainly financial purpose is nearly always introduced in the Commons. (What, Disjunctive)

13. A private Bill is introduced through a petition presented to Parliament by its promoter. (What, How)

14. The members of the joint committee are chosen in equal number by the respective Houses. (Who, How)

15. Private members’ Bills are not always debated owing to pressure on parliamentary time. (Why)

16. The committee is presided over by a chairperson instead of the Speaker. (Who)

Ex. 11.Use the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. 1.In England Lord Chancellor appoints all judges from among experienced barristers.

2. A large number of peers support the Conservative Party rather than the other parties.

3. The Queen opens each Parliamentary session with the speech from her throne in the House of Lords.

4. The Royal hasn’t refused to sign a bill, after all parliamentary procedures, since1707.

5. 5.The Trade Union Congress formed the Labour Party in 1900 to win working class representation in Parliament.

6. 6.The American Constitution has repeatedly been amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the supreme law of the nation.

7. Parliament creates laws and this is its most important function.

Ex. 12. Use the required form of the verb in the Active or Passive Voice.

a)

1. All major decisions of the government (make) by the Cabinet.

2. The functions (transfer) to a developing parliamentary Cabinet.

3. After the Prime Minister (form) his cabinet he (select) the rest of his ministry.

4. In order to be enforced the Bill (must, publish) in the Statute form.

5. Members of Parliament (pay) since 1911.

6. The date of elections (announce) to the Cabinet.

7. Once parliament (dissolve) all MPs (employ), but government officers continue to function.

8. The results in each constituency (announce) as soon as the votes (count).

9. The Whig party (create) after the revolution of the 1688 and (call) the Social Democratic party.

10. Mr Blair (elect) MP for his present constituency in 1983, then in 1985 he (promote) to the opposition frontbench as a spokesman on Treasury affairs and in 1987 (make) deputy spokesman on Trade and Industry.

b)

1. One of the most detailed ancient legal codes (draw up) in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia.

2. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, (carve) into a great stone pillar, which (set up) in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it (could, read) by every citizen.

3. The pillar (lose) for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16^th century B.C., and only in 1901 it (rediscover) by a French archaeologist amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa.

4. The pillar (exhibit) now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

5. The laws which (lay down) by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that (go) before.

6. Hammurabi’s laws (cover) crime, divorce and marriage, inheritance and property contracts, regulations about taxes and the prices of goods, the rights of slave owners and slaves, etc.

7. The cruel principle of revenge: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (observe) in the code.

Ex. 13. Put in the required propositions.